Lawyer in Vietnam Dr. Oliver Massmann – Public Private Partnerships – Enhancing Functionality – Making use of the Comprehensive and Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership and the EU – Vietnam Free Trade Agreement for Better Functionality of the New PPP Decree

Decree No. 15/2015/ND-CP on public-private partnership (“PPP”) (“Decree 15”) when introduced in 2015 was highly praised by legal commentators to be well drafted and make the PPP Laws in Vietnam move closer towards bankable projects.

However, in implementation process, there have been conflicting legal issues that deter investors from choosing PPP as an investment method, leading to a humble number of PPP projects thus far. For example, Decree 15 made a progress in other previous PPP regulations in clearly allowing project contracts to be governed by foreign law, namely contracts involving a foreign party and government agency guarantee contracts. The issue only arises when it comes to real-estate related matters, which are not yet finally decided under the Land Law which law will be the governing law.

Moreover, as PPP laws are only at Decree level, regulatory framework for PPP projects mainly includes the Law on Enterprises, Law on Public Investment, Law on Bidding, etc. most of which regulate public investment instead of private one or investment cooperation between the Government and private investors. The investors are also concerned about the stability of PPP regulations, as they are mainly Decrees. While a PPP project could take years to complete, regulations at Decree level may change and cause investors confusion in implementation of the laws. The state agencies also face certain difficulties in managing these PPP projects. According to a real story shared by an officer at VCCI, after the Government signed a PPP contract with an investor, due to changes in policies, the Government amended its determination of the contract value. As a result, the land price increased by 14 times as much as previously agreed, leading to substantial loss for the investor.

According to the Ministry of Planning and Investment, during 2016-2020, it is expected that there will be 598 registered PPP projects with total investment amount of VND 250,000 billion. Given the shortcomings of Decree 15, it would be hard to achieve these numbers without its replacement by another Decree. In that context, Decree No. 63/2018/ND-CP (“Decree 63”) was issued on 04 May 2018 and takes effect from 19 June 2018 to eliminate bottlenecks in PPP implementation.
Decree 63 – What is new?

Capital contribution responsibility

The investor is responsible for contributing and mobilizing capital for the project implementation, in particular, the ratio of the investor’s capital in the owner’s equity is determined as follows:
– For projects with total investment amount of up to VND1,500 billion, the equity capital that the investor must maintain must be at least 20% of the total investment capital;
– For projects with total investment capital of more than VND1,500 billion:
o For investment portion of up to VND1,500 billion: the equity capital that the investor must maintain must be at least 20% of the total investment capital;
o For investment portion that exceeds VND1,500 billion: the equity capital that the investor must maintain must be at least 10% of the total investment capital.

There is no capital contribution requirement from the Government side.

Project approval authority

Decree 63 makes it clear the following authorities will approve PPP projects:
– The National Assembly decides the investment policy of important national projects;
– The Prime Minister decides the investment policy of the following projects:
o Projects Type A using state budget from 30% or above or below 30% but more than VND300 billion of the total investment capital of the project;
o Projects Type A using BT contracts.
– Ministers of relevant ministries decide investment policy of their own projects not falling within the approval authority of the National Assembly and the Prime Minister.
– Provincial People’s Councils decide investment policy of the following projects:
o Projects Type A not falling under the approval authority of the Prime Minister;
o Projects Type B using public investment budget; and
o Projects Type B using BT contracts.
– The provincial People’s Committee decides the investment policy of projects in their provinces not falling within the approval authority of the National Assembly, the Prime Minister and the provincial People’s Council.

Payment methods in BT projects

Practice shows that investors are very interested in well-located land when implementing BT projects. However, when such land fund gradually becomes exhausted, BT projects seem not to attract investors. Decree 63 has added another method in addition to the exchange of land for infrastructure, so that the investors will have more options in receiving payments. Specifically, the investor may also receive payment in the form of the transfer of right to conduct business, exploit works/ services, etc.

How to take advantage of the CPTPP and the EU-Vietnam FTA (EVFTA) in PPP projects to enhance the functionality of PPP projects in Vietnam

Covered government entities and agencies

According to Decree 63, tenders for the selection of PPP investors will follow the Law on Public Procurement. While the Vietnam’s Law on Public Procurement still shows some shortcomings, Vietnam will be bound by its commitments in the Government Procurement chapter in the CPTPP and the EVFTA, including the procedures to conduct a tender and in specific circumstances that the Government must conduct a public tender. The investors now have the opportunity to participate in procurement by Vietnam’s government entities and challenge the Government if it does not grant the investors the opportunity to do so in qualified circumstances.
The CPTPP and the EVFTA both make a list of government entities and agencies whose procurement of particular̉ goods and services at a particular amount must be subject to public tender. While the CPTPP only allows expansion of the list within 5 years upon the entry into force of the agreement, the EVFTA allows a longer period (i.e., 15 years).
Covered procurement

Government procurement of goods or services or any combination thereof that satisfy the following criteria falls within the scope of the EVFTA and CPTPP Government Procurement rules:

Criteria

How to appeal Government tender decision?

The CPTPP and the EVFTA make it possible that foreign investors could sue Vietnam Government for its tender decisions according to the dispute settlement by arbitration rules. The violating party must take all necessary measures to promptly comply with the arbitral decision. In case of non-compliance, as in the WTO, the CPTPP and the EVFTA allow temporary remedies (compensation) at the request of the complaining party.

Enforcement of arbitral awards

The final arbitral award is binding and enforceable without any question from the local courts regarding its validity. This is an advantage for investors considering the fact that the percentage of annulled foreign arbitral awards in Vietnam remains relatively high for different reasons.

Conclusion

It is crucial that foreign investors take advantage of the requirements under the CPTPP and the EVFTA to enhance functionality of their PPP projects in Vietnam. Under these agreements, specific Vietnam Government entities and agencies when procuring goods/ services above certain thresholds must conduct public tender. In case these entities make wrongful tender decisions, foreign investors could take recourse to arbitration proceedings and have the arbitral awards fully enforced in Vietnam.

***
Please do not hesitate to contact Dr. Oliver Massmann under omassmann@duanemorris.com if you have any questions or want to know more details on the above. Oliver Massmann is the General Director of Duane Morris Vietnam LLC.
THANK YOU !

Lawyer in Vietnam Dr. Oliver Massmann – Public Private Partnerships – Enhancing Functionality – Making use of the Comprehensive and Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership and the EU – Vietnam Free Trade Agreement for Better Functionality of the New PPP Decree

Decree No. 15/2015/ND-CP on public-private partnership (“PPP”) (“Decree 15”) when introduced in 2015 was highly praised by legal commentators to be well drafted and make the PPP Laws in Vietnam move closer towards bankable projects.
However, in implementation process, there have been conflicting legal issues that deter investors from choosing PPP as an investment method, leading to a humble number of PPP projects thus far. For example, Decree 15 made a progress in other previous PPP regulations in clearly allowing project contracts to be governed by foreign law, namely contracts involving a foreign party and government agency guarantee contracts. The issue only arises when it comes to real-estate related matters, which are not yet finally decided under the Land Law which law will be the governing law.
Moreover, as PPP laws are only at Decree level, regulatory framework for PPP projects mainly includes the Law on Enterprises, Law on Public Investment, Law on Bidding, etc. most of which regulate public investment instead of private one or investment cooperation between the Government and private investors. The investors are also concerned about the stability of PPP regulations, as they are mainly Decrees. While a PPP project could take years to complete, regulations at Decree level may change and cause investors confusion in implementation of the laws. The state agencies also face certain difficulties in managing these PPP projects. According to a real story shared by an officer at VCCI, after the Government signed a PPP contract with an investor, due to changes in policies, the Government amended its determination of the contract value. As a result, the land price increased by 14 times as much as previously agreed, leading to substantial loss for the investor.
According to the Ministry of Planning and Investment, during 2016-2020, it is expected that there will be 598 registered PPP projects with total investment amount of VND 250,000 billion. Given the shortcomings of Decree 15, it would be hard to achieve these numbers without its replacement by another Decree. In that context, Decree No. 63/2018/ND-CP (“Decree 63”) was issued on 04 May 2018 and takes effect from 19 June 2018 to eliminate bottlenecks in PPP implementation.
Decree 63 – What is new?
Capital contribution responsibility
The investor is responsible for contributing and mobilizing capital for the project implementation, in particular, the ratio of the investor’s capital in the owner’s equity is determined as follows:
– For projects with total investment amount of up to VND1,500 billion, the equity capital that the investor must maintain must be at least 20% of the total investment capital;
– For projects with total investment capital of more than VND1,500 billion:
o For investment portion of up to VND1,500 billion: the equity capital that the investor must maintain must be at least 20% of the total investment capital;
o For investment portion that exceeds VND1,500 billion: the equity capital that the investor must maintain must be at least 10% of the total investment capital.
There is no capital contribution requirement from the Government side.
Project approval authority
Decree 63 makes it clear the following authorities will approve PPP projects:
– The National Assembly decides the investment policy of important national projects;
– The Prime Minister decides the investment policy of the following projects:
o Projects Type A using state budget from 30% or above or below 30% but more than VND300 billion of the total investment capital of the project;
o Projects Type A using BT contracts.
– Ministers of relevant ministries decide investment policy of their own projects not falling within the approval authority of the National Assembly and the Prime Minister.
– Provincial People’s Councils decide investment policy of the following projects:
o Projects Type A not falling under the approval authority of the Prime Minister;
o Projects Type B using public investment budget; and
o Projects Type B using BT contracts.
– The provincial People’s Committee decides the investment policy of projects in their provinces not falling within the approval authority of the National Assembly, the Prime Minister and the provincial People’s Council.
Payment methods in BT projects
Practice shows that investors are very interested in well-located land when implementing BT projects. However, when such land fund gradually becomes exhausted, BT projects seem not to attract investors. Decree 63 has added another method in addition to the exchange of land for infrastructure, so that the investors will have more options in receiving payments. Specifically, the investor may also receive payment in the form of the transfer of right to conduct business, exploit works/ services, etc.
How to take advantage of the CPTPP and the EU-Vietnam FTA (EVFTA) in PPP projects to enhance the functionality of PPP projects in Vietnam
Covered government entities and agencies
According to Decree 63, tenders for the selection of PPP investors will follow the Law on Public Procurement. While the Vietnam’s Law on Public Procurement still shows some shortcomings, Vietnam will be bound by its commitments in the Government Procurement chapter in the CPTPP and the EVFTA, including the procedures to conduct a tender and in specific circumstances that the Government must conduct a public tender. The investors now have the opportunity to participate in procurement by Vietnam’s government entities and challenge the Government if it does not grant the investors the opportunity to do so in qualified circumstances.
The CPTPP and the EVFTA both make a list of government entities and agencies whose procurement of particular̉ goods and services at a particular amount must be subject to public tender. While the CPTPP only allows expansion of the list within 5 years upon the entry into force of the agreement, the EVFTA allows a longer period (i.e., 15 years).
Covered procurement
Government procurement of goods or services or any combination thereof that satisfy the following criteria falls within the scope of the EVFTA and CPTPP Government Procurement rules:
Criteria EVFTA CPTPP
Monetary values that determine whether procurement by central government is covered under an agreement 130,000 Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) (US$191,000) from 15 years since the entry into force of the agreement

Initial transitional threshold: 1.5 million SDRs 130,000 Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) (US$191,000) from 25 years since the entry into force of the agreement

Initial transitional threshold: 2 million SDRs
Procurement of construction services by central government entities Initial threshold: 65.2 million SDRs

After 15 years, 8.5 million SDRs Initial threshold: 40 million SDRs

After 15 years, 5 million SDRs
Entities covered 22 central government bodies (added the Ministry of Public Security)

42 other entities: added two state-owned enterprises (Vietnam Electricity and Vietnam Railways) and two universities (Vietnam National University – Hanoi and Vietnam National University – Ho Chi Minh City)

Sub-central government coverage: Adds 2 cities: Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh – expansion of the list within 15 years since the entry into force of the agreement 21 central government bodies

38 other entities

No sub-central government coverage – expansion of the list within 5 years since the entry into force of the agreement
Exclusion of preferences for SMEs Broad exclusion applies only to procurement of goods and services whose value is estimated at 260,000 SDRs or less and may not be applied to SMEs with more than 500 permanent full-time employees.
Application of offsets Based on value of a contract Based on the total value of covered procurement
How to appeal Government tender decision?
The CPTPP and the EVFTA make it possible that foreign investors could sue Vietnam Government for its tender decisions according to the dispute settlement by arbitration rules. The violating party must take all necessary measures to promptly comply with the arbitral decision. In case of non-compliance, as in the WTO, the CPTPP and the EVFTA allow temporary remedies (compensation) at the request of the complaining party.
Enforcement of arbitral awards
The final arbitral award is binding and enforceable without any question from the local courts regarding its validity. This is an advantage for investors considering the fact that the percentage of annulled foreign arbitral awards in Vietnam remains relatively high for different reasons.
Conclusion
It is crucial that foreign investors take advantage of the requirements under the CPTPP and the EVFTA to enhance functionality of their PPP projects in Vietnam. Under these agreements, specific Vietnam Government entities and agencies when procuring goods/ services above certain thresholds must conduct public tender. In case these entities make wrongful tender decisions, foreign investors could take recourse to arbitration proceedings and have the arbitral awards fully enforced in Vietnam.
***
Please do not hesitate to contact Dr. Oliver Massmann under omassmann@duanemorris.com if you have any questions or want to know more details on the above. Oliver Massmann is the General Director of Duane Morris Vietnam LLC.
THANK YOU !

Vietnam – Solar Energy – Action plan for getting deals done with the new Power Purchase Agreement

Interview with Dr. Oliver Massmann\

1. Which significant changes does the new PPA contain for the solar energy sector?

Decision 11 introduces the Feed-in-Tariff (FiT) rate of UScents 9.35 per kWh. The FiT rate is only applicable for on-grid solar power project with efficiency of solar cells greater than 16% or with efficiency of the modules greater than 15%. The FiT rate depends on the currency exchange rate of the Vietnamese Dong and the US-Dollar. The rate remains the same throughout the whole year. It is adjusted by the Vietnamese State Bank on the last working day of the year for being used in the following year.

As a result, the financial planning is easier and it grants certain security for investors such as protection against currency fluctuation.

2. Which aspects in the new PPA have changed compared with the draft PPA from April 2017?

Compared with the draft PPA, the FiT rate is now indicated in the final version and there is reference to the adjustment of the FiT in case of USD/VND exchange rate fluctuation.

The MoIT made no big changes regarding the shortcomings of the draft of the PPA from April 2017.

The investor still has to bear the biggest risk.

3. Is the PPA bankable?

No, in general the PPA is not bankable in its final version.

4. Is there a way to make it bankable?

Yes, it is possible to make the PPA bankable. We have 20 years of experience making PPAs bankable for gas and coal fired power plants and wind energy plants in Vietnam. The investor should use all business channels and experienced negotiators to make the PPA bankable.

It is a matter of negotiation and experience. Decision 11 is granting investors the possibility to negotiate the conditions with EVN. The price remains fixed.

Agreements such as the EU – Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (“EVFTA”) or the Trans-Pacific Partnership (“TPP”), which is now called the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for the Trans-Pacific Partnership (“CPTPP”), lay a big milestone for making the PPA bankable.

The EVFTA was signed in 2015 and is expected to be ratified by all member countries by 2018. It is probably going to take effect in 2019. It is estimated to generate an increasing GDP and to liberalize the economy of Vietnam. Another aspect is the elimination of almost all custom duties (over 99% of all tariff lines). As a result, there will be a huge impact on trade development and the interest of investors.

Another important agreement is the CPTPP. On 4th February 2016 the TPP was signed between 12 countries. The signing nations made up 28% of the global trade and 40% of the global GDP. However, at the beginning of 2017, the US President Trump decided to withdraw from the TPP. The remaining 11 member states discussed the future of the TPP in APEC event in Da Nang, Vietnam and agreed to push ahead with the TPP but now under the name of CPTPP. Furthermore, the states agreed to work out a new framework agreement, which includes changes to the previous TPP agreement. The largest amendment was made in the field of intellectual property, for example, easing the protection of copyright or the special protection of biologics and pharmaceuticals.

However, the level of market access is still the same as in the first TPP. For some countries, further negotiations have to take place and they need time to adapt their laws to the CPTPP rules. The negotiators have set the goal of signing the revised TPP by the first quarter of 2018. After 6 countries have ratified the partnership, it will come into effect.

With the CPTPP, market access to more sectors will be opened than the WTO such as telecommunication, distribution of goods, manufacturing and fabrication. However, there will remain a few restrictions in the power/energy sector as discussed below.

As a result of the EVFTA and the TPP, Vietnam will get access to a huge part of international markets. This gives Vietnam the possibility to increase the amount of imports and exports (estimated up to 37% higher until 2025) and to improve foreign investments.

Another essential instrument is the Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS)[N1] which is going to be applied under the EVFTA and the TPP. Under that provision, for investment related disputes, the investors have the right to bring claims to the host country by means of international arbitration. The arbitration proceedings shall be made public as a matter of transparency in conflict cases. In relation to the TPP, the scope of the ISDS was reduced by removing references to “investment agreements” and “investment authorization” as result of the discussion about the TPP’s future on the APEC meetings on 10th and 11th November 2017.

As a conclusion, the bankability of the PPA will get enhanced as a consequence of the EVFTA and TPP in the next few years if the legislative framework is being reformed in the right direction. The economy will become more dynamic because of access to other markets and further foreign investments. With the implementation of the ISDS in the TPP, investors will be more secured in relation to dispute resolution and protection against the risks of international trading. As a result, banks will be more willing to finance PPAs.

Our recommendations: For now, the bankability of the PPA is not as it is expected. But you should be aware of the upcoming agreements which will lead to a big impact on the economy growth and the economy itself. If everything is improving in the right direction as it is now, the PPAs will be more bankable in the future and there will be better investment opportunities.

5. How was the bankability issue handled in the past years?

The TPP and the EVFTA are not the only agreements regarding the bankability of the PPA.

Vietnam and the USA signed the Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) in 1999 which was implemented in 2001. It was a huge success and very important agreement for the economy of Vietnam. It was the first opening of the Vietnamese market and important for the creation of more business opportunities and new standards for financing projects.

Another important fact was Vietnam’s accession to the WTO in 2007. This has improved trade relations between Vietnam and other countries by removing trade barriers and the commitment to non-discrimination. It was also a political sign to show Vietnam’s will to get integrated in the international trade by accepting international trading rules.

To be able to fulfill the commitments, it is necessary to make legislative adjustments and adopt laws that ensure the viability and efficiency of the projects. In the last years, many important laws have been introduced. They have helped to enhance the bankability of the PPA, for example, the 2014 Investment Law, 2014 Enterprise Law, 2012 Labor Law, etc.

In addition, in 2011, the legal framework for wind power projects was introduced.

Our recommendation: You should use existing international agreements and local laws as the bases for negotiation. Remember to rely on existing precedents and keep in mind that there are some difficulties for project development. But with a well-structured project development, it is still possible to getting a bankable PPA done.

6. What are the main risks of the PPA for investors?

With many solar projects currently focused on a few central locations, the capacity of existing facilities to absorb power must be a cause of some concerns given the PPA’s transfer of such risk to power producers.

EVN holds a monopoly of distribution, repair, maintenance, inspection and examination of the grid.

There is a big risk because of the lack of the government’s guarantee for EVN’s payment obligation in cases energy is provided from the producer but cannot be transmitted due to interruption of EVN’s grid connection. One solution for bridging that guarantee gap can be the use of the MIGA backup from the Worldbank (Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency) or backup from the Asean Development Bank.

Reasons for the interruption can be, for example: force majeure or termination of contracts. EVN can refuse transmitting the energy in cases of maintenance or repairing.

Circular 16 does not contain any guarantee or compensation for investors in these cases.

Our recommendations for avoiding potential risks: Be aware of veto rights of EVN and Vietnamese authorities. You have to be patient because the decision making process in Vietnam goes through many levels and takes time.

7. There will be conflicts between the investors and EVN because of the shift of risks to the investors. Which means of conflict resolution does the PPA grant to investors?

In general, the PPA is governed by the Vietnamese law.

The PPA does not provide for international arbitration as a means of dispute resolution.

Conflicts can be submitted to the Department of Electricity and Renewable Energy. If this option fails, investors can seek help at the Electricity Regulatory Authority of Vietnam (ERAV) or with application to a Vietnamese court.

The PPA implicitly allows the involvement of domestic and offshore arbitration. However, whether it can be a prior agreement with EVN in the PPA or only until there is an arising dispute simply lies in the hands of EVN.

Our recommendations for successful negotiations with EVN: You have to understand how EVN is working and what their targets are. Be aware of their monopoly position in the energy sector in Vietnam. Don’t try “to reinvent the wheel”!

Do not overexert them with too ambitious intentions related to the development proposal. They might be afraid of so many new things. Rely on workable precedent strategies and make reference to successful projects.

8. Which view does the MoIT hold regarding the shortcomings of the PPA?

The MoIT knows about the shortcomings of the PPA and is aware about the fact that the PPA will not attract investors to meet the power demand or to solve problems regarding the development of renewable energy.

The MoIT also knows that the solar energy sector in Vietnam has a lot of potentials.

Finally, the MoIT expects to attract smaller investment projects where bankability is not really an issue for the investors.

9. Is the view of the MoIT realistic?

In our opinion, the MoIT’s view is not realistic. It may lead to unfeasible projects because of the existing risks of the final version of PPA and without assurance for supportive services from a bank. Furthermore the success of projects depends on the result of the negotiation with EVN.

10. Which advice can you give to future investors regarding their project development?

Be aware! You have to take care of your project on a step-by-step-base and get well prepared for the negotiations with EVN when you decide to invest in an on-grid power project.

***

Please do not hesitate to contact Dr. Oliver Massmann under omassmann@duanemorris.com if you have any questions or want to know more details on the above. Dr. Oliver Massmann is the General Director of Duane Morris Vietnam LLC.

 

Thank you!

 

 

 

VIETNAM – MAIN ISSUES RESTRAINING INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT AND OUTLOOK ON THE EUROPEAN UNION-VIETNAM FREE TRADE AGREEMENT (EVFTA)

Vietnam’s ability to continue expanding its economy is linked to competitiveness. It is clear that supporting institutional regulatory reform and infrastructure development will ensure economic growth in the country. In practice, this approach is feasible by promoting public-private partnership (PPP). This goal includes a long-term investment in infrastructure that harmonizes PPP investors and Vietnamese Government’s interests.

By way of illustration, State-owned enterprises (SOEs) remain dominated in Vietnam. However, due to budget pressure, the government is committed to reform SOEs. Accelerating the development of foreign investment requires new approach to create a favorable legal framework for PPP. The issuance of a long awaited Decision 58/2016/QD-TTg (Decision 58) on classification of SOEs, is expected to facilitate the process.

Another key aspect to consider is SOE equitization for revenue reasons. In 2016, the State received approximately USD800 million from equitization and allocated some of these funds to reduce budget deficit.[1] Although the equitization process started in 1992, only around 2,600 firms have been equitized in the first 13 years of that program.[2] Meanwhile, the goal during 2014-2015 was to equitize 432 SOEs.[3] According to Decision 58, it is expected to rearrange 103 SOEs and equitize 137 SOEs within 2016-2020 period.

The historic poor performance of SOEs equitization is about to change gradually. Furthermore, there are some questions to address from the investors perspective since the State plans to retain ownership from below 50% (in 106 enterprises), 50%- 65% (in 27 enterprises) and above 65% (in 4 enterprises) by 2020 across different sectors.

Despite the efforts to enhance investments in infrastructure and energy, many issues related to the implementation of current regulations that affect transparency and enterprise value remain unresolved, namely:

Share price

Currently share price as determined by the Government must be market price. There are cases when market price is determined based on the listed price or transaction price in the UpCom market. However, such market price determination is not fair and accurate when the shares are sold to strategic shareholders due to the nature of the participants in the securities markets (i.e., participants are mainly financial institutions and speculators) as well as the minority percentage of listed stock compared with the total shares of the listed companies. Indeed, share price when sold to strategic shareholders must be the lowest successful bid price in an IPO. In addition, share price of joint stock companies listed on UpCom market must not be within the price range of that securities code on the transfer date.

Public-private partnership (PPP)

Implementation of Decree 15 on PPP has shown certain limitations. Opening a new chapter of PPP requires further work in understanding strategic factors that make PPP effective and ensure that key risk minimizing solutions are undertaken properly.

Bankability is a crucial issue during the project structuring phase. The requirements for a project to be bankable differ from sector to sector or by jurisdictions. However, there are common factors that render the project bankability and raise its risk exposure such as restrictions on mortgaging land use rights to foreign lenders, complex investment approvals to investors (e.g., land acquisition process), and payment ability of an SOE off-taker. Therefore, practical preferential policies should be issued to strengthen PPP investment.

In addition, investment in the form of PPP is more complex than public investment. However, in the management of PPP projects, public investment laws and regulations have currently been applied, resulting in lengthy investment procedures. Furthermore, there is a problem regarding the limited resources allocated to authorized state agencies (ASAs). It is expected that Decision 522 on managing and using project development fund raised by Asia Development Bank and Agence française de développement (AFD) will help to support the ASAs in preparing for the project development.

With regard to infrastructure projects, the current legislation allows some flexibility regarding the use of incentives under the Investment Law. Nevertheless, the principle of the PPP framework is to develop highly-efficient projects through loans from private investors such banks or credit institutions and thus releasing the State from financial burdens. If local companies borrow from commercial state banks, this will not meet the PPP principle. In addition, the limited attractiveness of PPP framework also deter local and foreign non-State banks from offering loans.

It is worth considering a risk allocation framework that harmonizes with the general principle that risks should be allocated to parties that are in the best position to manage them or make reasonable determination of that risk.

Power project developments

One issue is project implementation timeline in Circular 43/2016/TT-BCT. Specifically, this legal instrument requires project development commitments from investors and requirements to seek the MOIT’s approval when there are delays in the project implementation. According to Circular 43, if a BOT project falls behind the agreed timeline, the adjustments will only be approved under limited exceptions such as (i) force majeure events; (ii) the misconduct of competent authorities or (iii) the misconduct of a third party. In practice, the schedule agreed between the MOIT and investors is difficult to meet as a result of complex project preparation process as well as involvement of many related parties.

Outlook on the EVFTA

The market access commitment in the EVFTA goes largely beyond both those in the WTO and other FTAs ratified by Vietnam, thereby giving EU enterprises the best possible access to the Vietnamese market. Accordingly, provisions on SOEs are considered the most ambitious disciplines that Vietnam has ever reached. Such rules will put private enterprises on an equal level with enterprises where the Government is the owner. Under the EVFTA, EU companies will be permitted to bid for contracts in infrastructure, power distribution, railway and healthcare projects the same as Vietnamese bidders.

Conclusion

Investment in infrastructure is considered as a strategic measure to reach sustainable development in Vietnam. Indeed, the government has improved the legal framework to support PPP model and privatization of energy and power sectors. However, it needs a much clearer plan in improving the quality of new regulations in order to ensure a fair and transparent process. Furthermore, the equitization progress seems to be disappointing since only 52 SOEs were equitized in 2016. In this context, to ensure the equitization efficiency, it is urgent to address the impact of these remaining issues on project’s viability and aim at the highest level of risk management. Finally, Decision 58 represents a good opportunity for EU companies to engage in large- scale PPP projects. However, investors need to carefully conduct a due diligence before any investment.

***

Please do not hesitate to contact Dr. Oliver Massmann under omassmann@duanemorris.com if you have any questions or want to know more details on the above. Dr. Oliver Massmann is the General Director of Duane Morris Vietnam LLC.

Thank you!

 

 

VIETNAM – Energie et électricité – Perspectives de l’Accord de Libre-Echange UE-Vietnam (EVFTA)

Le Vietnam a exprimé son engagement à se tourner vers l’énergie propre et verte tout en privilégiant l’énergie domestique par rapport aux buts sociaux, économiques et de sécurité énergétique. La hausse de la demande d’énergie pousse le Vietnam à développer des ressources internes qui nécessitent d’attirer l’investissement privé.

Jusqu’à présent, le Vietnam n’était pas autonome pour fournir l’énergie correspondant à la demande intérieure. De plus, pour atteindre l’efficacité énergétique, le Vietnam doit mettre en place une double action : développer le secteur local grâce à l’investissement privé et mettre en place des outils de gestion pour réduire le gaspillage d’électricité par les usagers.

Un rapport rendu par la Commission « Made in Vietnam Energy Plan » parvient à la conclusion que le Vietnam peut continuer à user des ressources énergétiques indigènes (gaz, charbon, eau, pétrole, vent, soleil) jusqu’à ce qu’une future énergie verte soit développée. Comme le secteur du charbon est censé être relancé, le renouveau des centrales à charbon devrait ralentir la détérioration de la qualité de l’air causée par les méga-usines à charbon. D’autres mesures devraient être prises par le Gouvernement.

Encourager le gaz naturel

Le Vietnam est doté de gaz naturel dont l’usage devrait être préféré à celui du charbon. En effet, le gaz naturel est un carburant plus flexible, moins cher et plus propre que le charbon. Selon plusieurs accords internationaux encourageant le développement de l’énergie verte, le Vietnam sera plus apte à trouver un financement pour le secteur de l’énergie renouvelable que pour le secteur du charbon.

L’investissement dans l’exploitation de gaz naturel devrait être fortement encouragé puisqu’il dérive de traités internationaux et représente une opportunité économique et environnementale intéressante. Le Gouvernement devrait donc préparer un cadre politique et règlementaire pour mieux assurer l’investissement étranger et local, le partage des technologies et de l’expérience, et pour développer avec succès les marchés.

De plus le développement de transformateurs de gaz en électricité offshore apparait comme étant une autre alternative favorable et économique à l’importation de charbon. Non seulement le coût de l’exploitation de gaz naturel est moins élevé que le coût de l’importation ou de la production de charbon en tenant compte des taxes et redevances liées au prix du gaz, mais cela attirerait aussi plus d’investisseurs. De plus, cela déchargerait l’Etat de lourdes dépenses puisque l’International Monetary Fund estime que les coûts liés à la santé et à l’environnement, avec le plan actuel de développement de l’énergie reposant sur le charbon, atteindrait 15 milliards de dollars par an d’ici 2030.

Développer les contrats d’achat d’électricité (PPA)

La German Agency for International Cooperation a formulé des recommandations concernant les contrats d’achats d’énergie éolienne et solaire (PPA) pour l’énergie renouvelable. Elles comprennent une évaluation précise des coûts et tarifs des PPA pour être plus finançables. Assurer leur mise en œuvre est fortement encouragé pour favoriser un développement durable et viable.

Les sociétés qui se sont engagées publiquement à utiliser l’énergie renouvelable et tous autres grands consommateurs d’électricité devraient avoir le droit de signer des contrats directs d’achat d’électricité (DPPA) avec des fournisseurs d’électricité. La législation vietnamienne n’autorise pas les DPPA dans les cas par exemple de Nike, Coca-Cola, Apple, Google, etc. En changeant cette politique, il y aura plus d’investissement étranger dans la chaine d’approvisionnement d’énergie verte.

 Contrôler l’utilisation de l’électricité et réduire le gaspillage d’eau

Avec une utilisation plus efficace de l’électricité et une réduction du gaspillage d’eau, le Vietnam serait considéré comme une alternative compétitive et viable pour l’investissement direct étranger. Accorder des avantages fiscaux aux ménages et entreprises qui réduiraient leur consommation d’énergie et encourager l’énergie solaire ou éolienne ou toute autre énergie renouvelable, dépressuriserait le système de distribution et éduquerait les usagers.

Le développement de systèmes de transformation des déchets en énergie (waste-to-energy) dans les communautés locales permettrait un double bénéfice : améliorer la santé et l’hygiène ainsi qu’augmenter l’approvisionnement électrique et faciliter sa distribution. Les émissions de carbone seraient automatiquement réduites.

La création d’une feuille de route du prix de l’électricité en utilisant le prix fixé par le marché avec le prix variable en fonction de l’usage résidentiel, commercial ou industriel, devrait prévaloir. La conviction que le prix de l’énergie restera subventionné par le Gouvernement supplante tous les efforts de promotion de l’investissement et de l’innovation dans le domaine de l’efficacité énergétique. Ainsi, la connaissance du coût de l’énergie peut inciter les consommateurs et les investisseurs à adopter des équipements et des procédés plus efficaces.

 Recommandations pour la règlementation du Gouvernement

Pour aider le Gouvernement vietnamien à atteindre ses buts environnementaux, le rehaussement de crédit de l’entreprise publique Electricity of Vietnam (EVN) devrait être développé. Garantir que l’EVN paiera pour des approvisionnements d’énergie renouvelable en augmentant le nombre de donneurs internationaux aidera à assurer la faisabilité du projet et à encourager l’investissement.

Un plan plus viable peut être mis en œuvre s’il s’inscrit dans un cadre politique et juridique adapté. La principale recommandation pour assurer un environnement futur plus vert est de diminuer la part des centrales à charbon dans le plan de développement de l’électricité pour 2030.

Un plan flexible pourrait être élaboré pour ajuster la demande future et pour stopper le risque d’une demande plus ou moins grande que celle qui est prévue. Ce plan pourrait attirer plus de sources d’investissement étrangères ou locales et réduire la dépendance par rapport aux gouvernements étrangers. Par ailleurs, l’établissement de normes obligatoires concernant l’efficacité énergétique et la construction des logements, bureaux ou le développement commercial, éduquerait et aurait un effet positif sur le secteur de l’énergie renouvelable.

Les perspectives de l’EVFTA

L’EVFTA signé le 2 décembre 2015, devrait entrer en vigueur d’ici janvier 2018. Les relations entre le Vietnam et l’UE seront fortement intensifiées, notamment parce que le Vietnam est le 2e à signer un tel accord avec l’UE – après Singapour qui ne concourt pas dans les mêmes domaines. Beaucoup d’investisseurs européens se dirigeront vers le Vietnam et apporteront des nouvelles technologies et techniques.

Un chapitre de l’EVFTA est dédié au développement durable et on s’attend à ce que l’UE, grande défenderesse de l’énergie verte et propre, incite le Vietnam à revoir son plan de développement d’électricité dans un futur proche.

 Les problématiques majeures

– Le secteur du charbon est sur le point d’être relancé au regard du plan de développement qui ouvre au Vietnam des alternatives plus propres et plus économiques ;

– L’International Monetary Fund a estimé que 15 milliards de dollars par an seraient dédiés aux dépenses de santés et d’hygiène. La purification de l’air ou l’arrêt de la détérioration de la qualité de l’air est un problème qui doit être résolu rapidement et qui est menacé par la relance du secteur énergétique du charbon ;

– Autoriser les DPPA stimulerait l’investissement et l’innovation dans le secteur de l’énergie verte et dépressuriserait le système de distribution ;

– Eduquer les fournisseurs, les usagers et les investisseurs à travers une feuille de route du prix de l’électricité, le système de waste-to-energy et les avantages fiscaux est le moyen le plus efficace de garantir l’observation des mesures prises par le Gouvernement relatives à l’environnement.

***

Si vous avez des questions ou si vous voulez plus de détails sur cet article, n’hésitez pas à contacter Oliver Massmann à omassmann@duanemorris.com. Oliver Massmann est le Directeur Général de Duane Morris Vietnam LLC.

Merci beaucoup !

ALERTE : cet article est protégé par les droits d’auteur et par un logiciel permettant au titulaire des droits de le suivre. Ne distribuez pas cet article ou n’usez pas de son contenu sans le consentement écrit de l’auteur Oliver Massmann.

 

 

 

EU-VIETNAM FREE TRADE AGREEMENT – MARKET ACCESS OVERVIEW

OVERVIEW

On 2nd December 2015, after nearly 3 years with 14 rounds of negotiations, President Donald Tusk, President Jean-Claude Juncker and Prime Minister of Viet Nam Nguyễn Tấn Dũng announced the conclusion of the negotiations of the EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA). Both parties are undertaking the necessary steps to finalise the ratification process for the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) to enter into force in 2018.

EVFTA is considered one of the most comprehensive and ambitious trade and investment agreements that the EU has ever concluded with a developing country. It is the second agreement in the Association of South East Nations (ASEAN) region after Singapore and it will intensify the bilateral relations between Vietnam and the EU. Vietnam will have access to a potential market of 500 million people and a total Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of USD 15 000 billion (accounting for 22% of global GDP). The other way around, exporters and investors from the EU now have further opportunities to access one of the fastest-growing countries of more than 90 million people in the region.

The real wages of skilled laborers may increase by up to 12% while real salary of common workers may rise by 13%. The macro economy will be stable and inflation rate controlled. Vietnam’s business activities will be booming in the next few years once the EVFTA officially comes into force and Government’s policies, as well as institutional reforms, start showing their positive effects.

Moreover, Vietnam’s GDP is expected to increase by 0.5% annually and increase in exports of 4-6% per year. If this trend continues until 2020, Vietnam’s exports to the EU will increase by USD 16 billion. Until 2025, the EVFTA is estimated to generate an additional 7-8% of GDP above the trend growth rate.

MARKET ACCESS FOR GOODS

Nearly all customs duties – over 99% of the tariff lines will be eliminated. The small remaining number is partially liberalised through duty-free quotas. As Vietnam is a developing country, it will liberalise 65% of the value of EU exports to Vietnam, representing around half of the tariff lines, at entry into force and the remaining duties will be eliminated over the next ten years. For some products, Vietnamese duties will be eliminated over a sevenyear period such as motorcycles with engines larger than 1500cc, car parts and about half of EU pharmaceutical exports. The market will be opened for most of EU food products, i.e. wine, spirits and frozen pork meat after seven years. For dairy products, after a maximum of five years. This is an unprecedented far-reaching tariff elimination for a country like Vietnam, proving its targets for deeper integration and trading relations with the EU.

From the EU’s side, the EU agreed to eliminate duties for 84% of the tariff lines for goods imported from Vietnam immediately at the entry into force of the FTA. Within 7 years from the effective date of the FTA, there will be more than 99% of the tariff lines being eliminated for Vietnam. The EU will eliminate duties for some sensitive products in the textile and footwear sector over a 5-7-year period, with a double transformation rule (instead of a strict yarn-forward rule as in the TPP) and will allow Vietnam to import fabrics from South Korea as an exception to the general rule. The EU also offers access to some Vietnamese sensitive agricultural products via duty-free quotas (rice, canned tuna, surimi, sweet corn, sugar products, etc.). Vietnamese exports of textile, clothing and footwear to the EU are expected to more than double by 2020 as a result of the EVFTA.

We note that, in the region, besides Vietnam, Singapore also concluded an FTA with the EU in 2014. However, this does not affect the competitiveness of Vietnam in trading with the EU. This is due to the fact that Vietnam mainly exports textiles, footwear, agricultural products, etc. while Singapore’s main exports are machines, chemical products and transport equipment. Moreover, while the EU is accelerating procedures to negotiate FTAs with different countries in the ASEAN region, Vietnam should take advantage of this golden time before FTAs with others in the region are concluded and to become a regional hub.

MARKET ACCESS FOR EU SERVICE PROVIDERS

Although Vietnam’s World Trade Organisation(WTO) commitments are used as a basis for thes ervices commitments, Vietnam has not only opened additional (sub)sectors for EU service providers but also commits deeper than in the WTO, offering the EU the best possible access to Vietnam’s market. (Sub)sectors that are not committed under the WTO but under which Vietnam makes commitments are, for example: interdisciplinary research and development (R&D) services, nursing services, physiotherapists and para-medical personnel, packaging services, trade fairs and exhibitions services and building-cleaning services. Moreover, it is noteworthy that the EVFTA contains a MFN clause that allows one party to grant the other party the best treatment that the former is negotiating with other partners under another framework.

We set out below certain Vietnam’s commitments in key sectors with reference to its commitment to the WTO.

Distribution sector

The WTO requires an Economic Needs Test (ENT) for the establishment of outlets for retail services (beyond the first one). The EVFTA requires the same but adds cases for ENT exemption and timeline for ENT abolishment after five years.

Distribution of cigarettes and cigars, publications, precious metals and stones, pharmaceutical products and drugs, explosives, processed oil and crude oil by foreign investors are still prohibited.

wtO eVFtA
 

 

 

 

The establishment of outlets for retail services (beyond the first one) shall be allowed on the basis of an Economic Needs Test (ENT)

 

In case of establishing an outlet less than 500m2 within the area planned for trading activities and already completed construction of infrastructure, ENT is not required.

 

5 years from the date of entry into force of the Agreement, the requirement of the ENT will be abolished.

Power/ energy

wto eVFtA
 

 

 

 

 

N/A

 

Commitments are made in 3 sub-sectors: (i) Production of electricity; transmission and distribution of electricity on own account; (ii) Manufacture of gas; distribution of gaseous fuels through mains on own account; and (iii) Production of steam and hot water; distribution of steam and hot water on own account.

Maritime transport

Sub-sectors wto eVFtA
 

 

Maritime transport services

 

Mode 3 Market Access (MA): joint venture with maximum 49% foreign ownership

 

 

Mode 3 MA: joint venture with maximum 70% foreign ownership

 

internal waterways transport

Passenger transport Freight transport

 

Mode 1: No commitment Mode 3: joint venture with

maximum 49% foreign ownership

 

Mode 1: No restriction Mode 3: joint venture with

maximum 51% foreign ownership

Securities services

wto eVFtA
 

 

Commitments on 6 sub-sectors

Mode 3: foreign securities service suppliers are permitted to establish representative offices and joint ventures with maximum foreign ownership of 49%.

After 5 years from the date of accession, securities service suppliers with 100% foreign-invested capital shall be permitted.

Same commitments in 6 sub-sectors

Commitments on 2 additional services: Provision and transfer of financial data processing; and credit reference and analysis.

Mode 3: Same as the WTO

Telecommunication Services

Non facilities-based services: WTO/ASEAN Framework Agreement on Services (AFAS): maximum 65% foreign ownership forever but in the EVFTA after 5 years, this could be 75%.

Other services – Virtual Private Network (VPN): maximum 70% foreign ownership forever but in the EVFTA after 5 years, this could be 75%.

CONCLUSION

 Vietnam is a country of changes and currently offers increasing opportunities for foreign businesses. The underlying strength of the economy is reflected in, among others, controlled macroeconomic indicators, strong productivity gains and extensive integration into the regional and global economy. It is now time for foreign investors to start their business plans and grasp the upcoming clear opportunities.

Please do not hesitate to contact Oliver Massmann under omassmann@duanemorris.com if you have any questions or want to know more details on the above. Oliver Massmann is the General Director of Duane Morris Vietnam LLC.

Thank you!

 

 

 

 

VIETNAM – REAL ESTATE – LAND USE RIGHTS LIMITATIONS FOR FOREIGNERS – OUTLOOK ON THE EUROPEAN UNION VIETNAM FREE TRADE AGREEMENT (EVFTA)

 

The real estate market in Vietnam has constantly been growing since the Law on Real Estate Business 2014 (LREB) and the Law on Residential Housing (LRH) were adopted. Initial barriers for foreign investors were partially removed with the new legislations and Decree No. 76/2015/ND-CP guiding the LREB dated 10 September 2015 and Decree No. 99/2015/ND-CP guiding the LRH dated 20 October 2015.

Nevertheless, enterprises’ expectations concerning access to properties and business development are not entirely satisfied.

Restriction on sources of capital

For residential housing projects, only the sources of capital enumerated in Article 69 of the LRH or Article 19 of Decree 99 are considered legitimate such as loans from Social Policy Bank, credit institutions and financial institutions currently operating in Vietnam or capital contribution, cooperation in investment, business cooperation, joint-venture and affiliation of organizations. As there is no mention of overseas capital except for the capital owned by the developer, raising capital then appears to be more complicated for real estate developers. Therefore, as there is no need to limit the developers’ ability to raise capital for legitimate sources, the Government adopt restrictive measures for illegitimate sources only and control the legitimacy of sources. Opening capital to off-shore credit institutions and non-credit institutions would greatly improve access to the real estate market.

An uncertainty remains as to define foreign invested enterprises (FIEs). Indeed, neither in the LREB nor in Decree 76 do we find a provision explaining the notion of FIEs. But the Law on Land (Land Law) 2013 states that FIEs are joint venture enterprises and enterprises wholly or partly owned by a foreign company without detailing ownership percentage. Under the Law on Investment 2014, the status of economic organization with foreign capital implies a foreign ownership of 51% or more. Therefore some details must be given as whether enterprises with less than 51% of foreign ownership are regarded as local investors or not.

Considering the lack of details, we can understand that any percentage of foreign ownership prevents enterprises to be local ones. This issue is of great importance for foreign investment transactions in the real estate market and must be clarified promptly.

The difference of treatment between foreign and Vietnamese real estate developers can be found in several aspects. First of all, Article 11 of the LREB does not permit foreign developers to transfer their land use right into creating plots for sale whereas Vietnamese developers are permitted. Article 57 of the same law limits FIEs to collect a maximum of 50% of the value of sale and purchase contracts while Vietnamese companies are entitled to 70% of the value. Finally, Article 10 of the LREB prohibits foreign developers to sell, lease or offer a lease-purchase and only opens the possibility of sub-leasing. This form of business is, however, open to Vietnamese developers.

Those differences between local and foreign developers should be removed as they create unfair competition and restrain the real estate sector in Vietnam.

Restrictions on land use right of foreign organizations and individuals

The LREB authorizes organizations and individuals to lease properties for use and to purchase or lease-purchase residential houses in accordance with the LRH. Article 160 of the LRH repeats the authorization but adds a few conditions. Organizations who want to own residential houses, must establish and maintain their presence in Vietnam although foreign individuals only need to have a valid passport affixed with entry stamp. The stricter requirement for foreign organizations should be up-lifted as it is unnecessary to fix conditions to own residential houses to organizations and not to individuals.

A very concerning contradiction must be solved as it deals with notarization of sale and purchase contracts. Article 93.3(b) of the LRH allows contracts for residential housing signed with a real estate business enterprise not to be notarized. However, Article 122 of the LRH stipulates that all contracts in relation to sale and purchase of residential houses must be certified or notarized.  We could then understand that sale and purchase contracts for residential housing signed with real estate business should be notarized. However, Article 17.2 of the LREB states that real estate business contracts do not have to be notarized except contracts signed between two individuals/households.

A clearer provision should establish that notarization is not required in case a real estate business enterprise is a party to the sale and purchase contracts.

Limitation on foreigners’ purchase and ownership of real estate

Foreign individual and organizations are allowed to own a maximum of 250 individual residential houses in a ward according to Article 161.2(a) of the LRH. However, Article 76.4 of Decree 99 guiding the LRH, limits foreign individuals or organizations to possess maximum 10% of individual housing in each residential housing project. The Decree provision is then not consistent with the LRH.

In addition, pursuant to Article 159.2(b) of the LRH, foreign individuals and organizations are only prohibited from purchasing houses in national defense and security area. But pursuant to Article 75 of Decree 99, the prohibition is extended to all areas where foreigners are restricted from residing or travelling as provided under the Law on Residence and Travel. Once again, the Decree is restricting the conditions under the LRH.

In addition, Articles 77.1(b) and 77.2(b) provide additional restriction when granting the possibility of one-time expansion of residential houses owned by foreigners. Such restriction can have a serious impact on business development of developers and in the meantime on Vietnam’s competitiveness. Unlimited extensions should be granted with the exception of national defense and security areas only.

Another issue which causes many difficulties for developers concerns capital reserve. Indeed, Article 108.1(b) of the LREB requires that developers contribute 2% of apartment’s value for unsold apartments at the time of commissioning. Value is calculated based on the highest selling price of an apartment in the building regardless of the differences between the apartment of reference and the commissioned one. The requirement is not practical and should therefore be amended to refer to an apartment of the same category. Furthermore, establishing a mechanism to deal with such payments when apartments are sold at a later stage is necessary for the efficiency of the requirement.

Outlook on the EVFTA

Signed on December 2nd 2015 and expected to enter into force by 2017, the EVFTA offers great opportunity to access new markets for both the EU and Vietnam. Not only Vietnam will foster more foreign investors but also welcome more enterprises in order to develop the European-Vietnamese Cooperation.

The Vietnamese Government has already started to amend the legislation with the Law on Enterprise 2015 and the Law on Investment 2014. Yet some further changes must still be made and we can expect the influence of the EU on opening the real estate market to facilitate enterprises’ establishment.

Most important issues

–       Requirements of sources of capital are too restricted and prevent real estate developers from easily raising capital. In addition, the definition of foreign invested enterprise is not clear enough to determine the sources and the nature of transactions in the sector.

–       Vietnamese and foreign developers are treated differently which creates unfair competition and restrains the real estate sector.

–       The contradiction that sale and purchase contracts signed with real estate business enterprise have to be authorized must be up-lifted.

–       Restrictions on foreigners’ purchase and ownership rights regarding the percentage of possession, the restricted areas and the possibility of extension are not consistent in the whole Vietnamese legislation and should be standardized.

***

Please do not hesitate to contact Oliver Massmann under omassmann@duanemorris.com if you have any questions or want to know more details on the above. Oliver Massmann is the General Director of Duane Morris Vietnam LLC.

Thank you!

 

 

 

VIETNAM – PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT – OUTLOOK ON THE EUROPEAN UNION VIETNAM FREE TRADE AGREEMENT (EVFTA)

The private sector is an intrinsic part of the economic and social development. Yet Vietnam does not have as many private enterprises as its neighboring countries.

Private enterprises enhance job creation, Gross Domestic Product and competitiveness. In order to achieve the private sector development, Vietnam should provide elements enhancing technological reform and innovation support, develop measures against corruption and finally encourage the return of Vietnamese young talents to Vietnam.

Encouraging innovation, international cooperation and global supply chain operation

The agriculture industry serves as a good example of differences we can find between Vietnamese industries and developed countries’ ones. In Vietnam, the agricultural sector is mostly made of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) with low product value and most of them did not invest in hi-tech equipment. Thus to raise productivity, not only technological reform, but innovation as well as investment in hi-tech sectors must be encouraged. Cooperation with foreign enterprises would accelerate the development and exploitation of new technology products, inventions, machinery that undoubtedly increase product value and competitiveness.

In addition, with establishment of international brands, Vietnamese enterprises could attend international fairs and exhibitions where they would approach other enterprises and techniques. Vietnamese enterprises would then be more likely to receive knowledge and to develop international cooperation with foreign enterprises. The Vietnamese Government and Vietnamese associations could co-organize business delegations to exhibit, outside Vietnam, its industry and production to compare the product value and understand the expected requirements.

Private enterprises do not manage to operate a complete supply chain which has a great impact on export. Indeed, it implies higher costs for finished products, longer delay for production and finally a decreased competitiveness. Policies aiming at promoting local investment and international cooperation for the acquisition of new techniques and technologies must be promulgated. With the Trans-Pacific Partnership, the EVFTA and all free trade agreements Vietnam has signed, new requirements are expected from Vietnam.

Fighting against corruption and supporting credit to SMEs

The Ministry of Planning and Investment noted that half of Vietnamese enterprises is having difficulties to obtain credits due to the lack of transparency in their operation, lack of transparency caused by unofficial payments to Government’s agencies. The Government has already manifested its will to combat corruption in the Directive 12/2016/CT-TTg issued by the Prime Minister in April 2016, which tasks Ministries, People’s Committees and the Government Inspectorate with direct inspection and handling corruption-related matters. Moreover, the Government is drafting a law to support SMEs and enhance their role in the global supply chain. A practical mean to control corruption could be to encourage the use of non-cash payments to Government’s agencies and to adopt business codes of conduct.

The Government has duties to enhance private enterprises’ development and businesses by encouraging account transparency and implementing preferential tax policies. To fulfill its duties and facilitate credit access for SMEs, the Government should also establish itself a link between enterprises in need for capital and credit institutions. Therefore in order to facilitate loan procedures, the Government should lower interest rates and require credit institutions increase loans to businesses.

Improving the Corporate Governance

Development of the private sector goes together with the improvement of the Law on Enterprise 2014,  in which the Government’s policies appeared to be more comprehensive than in the previous Law on Enterprise 2005. Nevertheless, regarding the corporate governance, more efforts could be managed to reach international standards. Regarding the advantages, most of foreign private enterprises choose the form of Single-Member Limited Liability Company (SMLLC) to establish their presence in Vietnam.

The question of how a SMLLC manager exercises its powers shows the necessity to improve the corporate governance and integrity. Article 75 of the Law on Enterprise gives the manager a supreme authority in dealing with his business. However, the owner cannot directly use its power and must act through the Member’s council or the Company’s President which means that he only has the power to nominate the people acting on behalf of the company and ratify their decisions. The regulations should thus be more specific on what decisions require the owner’s approval and which do not.

A general clarification of provisions related to corporate governance will help the development of a clear and transparent business and contribute to promote integrity in businesses’ establishment and transactions.

Attraction and training of qualified workforce

Young talents such as Vietnamese students or young professionals overseas must be attracted back to Vietnam as they constitute a highly efficient mean to allow transmission of foreign know-how and considering the undeniable need for innovation. The Government should then encourage the promotion of talents’ knowledges especially those acquired abroad. In order to attract them, private enterprises should offer students or professionals a deserved remuneration and the opportunity to become part owners in businesses, as the best way to secure a lasting professional relationship.

In addition, for the enterprises to receive foreign knowledges and deepen the spillover effects, local workforce needs a specific training in order to meet with industrial requirements regarding productivity, products quality etc. It is only then that SMEs will be able to perform a complete supply chain. The Government should assist the creation of specialized schools and the development of intensive program centers in cooperation with local universities.  Indeed, the private enterprises’ competitiveness starts with a highly qualified labor force.

Outlook on EVFTA

On December 02 2015, the EVFTA is signed and is planned to enter into force by January 2018. Under this agreement, almost all tariff lines disappear and many tax duties are reduced. For some products such as agricultural products, tariff rate quotas are put in place.

We can expect many consequences. Firstly, the consolidation of Vietnam’s privileged position in the ASEAN as one of few countries to have signed a free-trade agreement with the EU (except for Singapore which concern different trade). Secondly, Vietnam will have to meet more requirements especially in productivity, product value and workforce qualification. Then, a lot of investment will flow from Europe to Vietnam and will bring capital to more businesses helping them to finance innovative products and techniques and to perform a complete supply chain in the textile and footwear industry.

Finally, real wages of qualified laborers are expected to increase by up to 12%, leading to attract more students and young professionals overseas to Vietnam. The EVFTA will assist the Government in helping private enterprises through investment and expected requirements.

The most important issues

–       The situation is, at the present time,  precarious for SMEs. The development of private enterprises remains a priority and the EVFTA is expected to help the Government support private enterprises.

–       Innovation is the key to access a complete supply chain and requires precise needs in order to perform it: young talents, favorable policies and capital.

–       Education, by means of well thought programs and abroad studies, is necessary to prepare the workforce to embrace new requirements and increase products value and private enterprises’ competitiveness.

–       Corruption is a drag in the private sector development because it limits credit access and discourages foreign investment. This issue also impacts the whole economy development and requires immediate reaction from the Government through mandatory measures.

–       Reorganization of the corporate governance will benefit companies especially SMLLC by creating a clear and transparent business environment and promoting integrity.

***

Please do not hesitate to contact Oliver Massmann under omassmann@duanemorris.com if you have any questions or want to know more details on the above. Oliver Massmann is the General Director of Duane Morris Vietnam LLC.

Thank you!

 

 

 

Rechtsanwalt in Vietnam Oliver Massmann STEUERRECHT – AUSBLICK AUF DAS EU – VIETNAM FREIHANDELSABKOMMEN (EVFTA)

 

Die soeben erst gebildete Regierung hat bekundet, durch Reformen die Wirtschaft unterstützen zu wollen. Kurz nachdem der Amtseid geschworen war, wurde eine Konferenz mit vietnamesischen Unternehmen organisiert, die zur Verabschiedung Verordnung 35/2016 / NQ-CP vom 16. Mai 2016 führte. Der Schwerpunkt lag auf der Verbesserung des Investitionsumfelds. Dennoch bestehen nach wie vor einige Schwierigkeiten und eine Überprüfung der Steuerpolitik aus bestimmten Perspektiven.

Gewährung steuerlicher Anreize

Die Regierung kann ausländischen Unternehmen durch Investitionszulassung oder -zertifikat bevorzugte Steuersätze gewähren, was der sicherste Weg für Unternehmen ist trotz steuerrechtlicher Änderungen ihre bevorzugte Stellung zu behalten. Einige kommunale Steuerbehörden widersprechen jedoch der Politik der Staatsregierung und verpflichten Unternehmen, die geltenden Vorschriften ungeachtet der zugesicherten Unternehmensbevorzugungen anzuwenden. Dieser Widerspruch ist verletzt den zugesicherten Schutz von Investments und Investoren durch die Regierung und muss verhindert werden.

Rundschreiben 12404 / BTC-TCT und Rundschreiben 96/2015 / TT-BTC, vom Finanzministerium (MOF), gewähren steuerliche Rabatte für die Unternehmenssteuern für Einkommen von Unternehmen, die vor dem 1. Januar 2014 gegründet und noch nicht betriebsbereit sind. Einige kommunale Steuerbehörden weigerten sich, diese Anreize zu akzeptieren und forderten Unternehmen auf, ihre Satzung zu ändern, um den Geschäftsbeginn auf das Jahr 2014 zu verlegen, damit ein Anspruch auf Rabatte für die Unternehmenssteuern gewährt wird. Diese Forderungen stellen die Bereitschaft des Finanzministeriums zur Investitionsförderung in Frage und sollten aufhören.

Nach dem Verständnis der Finanzämter ist jedes Projekt, das die Erhöhung der Kapazitäten der Unternehmen oder Anlagevermögen plant, notwendigerweise als eine Investition zu betrachten, soweit die Kapazitätserhöhung einhergeht mit Kapitalerhöhung. Die Steuerbehörden lassen dann Rabatte für die Unternehmenssteuern wegfallen, weil sie davon ausgehen, dass Investmentzertifikate aufgrund des Anstiegs nicht mehr anwendbar wären. Dennoch beschränken sich die anfänglichen Anlagezertifikate nicht auf die Kapazitäten und sollten solange anwendbar sein, wie die Zunahmen nur die Unternehmenskapazität und nicht das Kapital betreffen. Ein Gesetz sollte präzisieren, dass die Projektausweitung nur dann als Investitionen gilt, wenn Kapitalanpassungen vorgenommen werden.

Die von der Regierung verabschiedete Verordnung 218/2013 / ND-CP, verlängert den gesonderten Steuersatz auf 15 Jahre für Investitionsprojekte unter VND 6 Mio. (umgerechnet 260.000 US-Dollar). Um eine gerechtere Behandlung von Unternehmen zu gewährleisten, könnten weitere Ebenen der Besteuerung eingeführt werden,  wie z.B. drei Jahre den bevorzugten Steuersatz für Projekte zwischen VND 10 bis 20 Mia. (umgerechnet 450.000 US-Dollar bis 900.000US-Dollar).

Gemäß dem Entwurf der Verordnung Nr. 12 sind Prämien und Provisionen, die auf der Grundlage des Verkaufsvolumens gewährt werden, abzugsfähige Ausgaben für Unternehmen. Nichtsdestotrotz müssen Vermittler, die Einzelpersonen oder Organisationen sind, Steuern auf diese Ausgaben zahlen, da diese Ausgaben im Zusammenhang mit ihrer Geschäftstätigkeit stehen. Es wäre einfacher für Vermittler, wenn ihre Provisionen und Verkaufsprämien von der Verpflichtung einer Ausstellung von Mehrwertsteuerrechnungen befreit wären.

Andererseits sollten die den Mitarbeitern gewährten Leistungen teilweise auf ihre Familie ausgedehnt werden dürfen: Sozial- und Freizeitausgaben, Visumanträge für Familienangehörige der Arbeitnehmer usw. Durch diese Vorteile wird eine längere Beziehung zwischen dem Unternehmen und dem Arbeitnehmer gewährleistet. Aufwendungen für Arbeitnehmerfamilien sind für Unternehmen nur abzugsfähig, wenn sie im Arbeitsvertrag oder in der Personalentwicklungsstrategie der Unternehmen angegeben sind. Die Verordnung 218/2013 / ND-CP sollte dahingehend abgeändert werden.

Beheben von Steuerproblemen

Steuerrechtliche Regelungen werden häufig von Jahr zu Jahr unterschiedlich ausgelegt und interpretiert. Da Steuerprüfungen oft nach dem entsprechenden Geschäftsjahr stattfinden, ist es für Unternehmen unmöglich, zu wissen, was zu beachten ist. Viele Unternehmen müssen Sanktionen und hohe Interessen bezahlen, da sich die Regelungen zwischen dem Zeitpunkt der Steuerzahlung und dem Zeitpunkt der Steuerprüfung ändern. Außerdem werden viele Unternehmen wegen fehlender Steuern vom Finanzamt auf unbezahlte Steuern gejagt, obwohl die Steuern ordnungsgemäß gezahlt wurden. Im Finanzamt sind die Mitarbeiter nicht eng genug, um Steuerverpflichtungen und Zahlungen in Einklang zu bringen.

Eine jährliche Steuerprüfung oder eine Änderung der Berechnungsweise von Sanktionen und Verzugszinsen sollte in Betracht gezogen werden. Darüber hinaus wäre die Nominierung einer Task Force ausschließlich zur Vereinbarkeit von Steuerverpflichtungen und Zahlungen eine gute Verbesserung.

Eine Untertreibung der zu zahlenden Steuern oder eine Überbewertung der Steuererstattung ist mit einer Geldbuße von 20% der Differenz zwischen der zu zahlenden Steuer und dem erklärten oder gezahlten Steuerbetrag verbunden. In Artikel 107 des Steuerverwaltungsgesetzes genannte Haushalte oder natürliche Personen sind von der Geldbuße befreit. Unternehmen sind manchmal in überbezahlter Position und sind immer noch mit einer Geldstrafe, wenn die Inspektion erfolgt, unabhängig von der Absicht, eine falsche Erklärung zu machen oder nicht bezahlt. Die Umsetzung klarerer Vorschriften würde Verwirrung und falsche Erklärungen, die zu Geldstrafen in solchen Fällen führen, vermeiden.

Eine jährliche Steuerprüfung oder eine Änderung der Berechnungsweise von Sanktionen und Verzugszinsen sollte in Betracht gezogen werden. Darüber hinaus wäre die Nominierung einer Task Force ausschließlich zur Vereinbarkeit von Steuerverpflichtungen und Zahlungen eine gute Verbesserung.

Eine nicht legale Steuerverkürzung wird mit einer Geldbuße von 20% der Differenz zwischen der zu zahlenden Steuer und dem erklärten oder gezahlten Steuerbetrag bestraft. In Art. 107 des Steuerverwaltungsgesetzes genannte Haushalte oder natürliche Personen sind von der Geldbuße befreit. Unternehmen haben manchmal Überzahlungen und werden nach einer Betriebsprüfung mit einer Geldstrafe belangt, obwohl kein Vorsatz bestand eine falsche Erklärung zu machen oder nicht ausreichend Steuern zu bezahlen. Die Umsetzung klarerer Vorschriften würde Konfusion und fehlerhafte Erklärungen, die zu Geldstrafen in solchen Fällen führen, vermeiden.

Eine verspätete Steuerzahlung unterliegt ebenfalls einer Geldstrafe. Dennoch werden mehrere widersprüchliche Dokumente ausgestellt, und es wurde kompliziert zu bestimmen, auf welcher Grundlage die Verzugszinsen berechnet werden. Das vom Finanzministerium erlassene Rundschreiben 26/2015 / TT-BTC sieht einen Zinssatz von 0,05 % pro Tag des Verzuges vor, abhängig vom Defizit der Steuerschuld, für Steuern die vor dem 1. Januar 2015 erklärt wurden und nach diesem Datum unzureichend gezahlt wurden. Das Rundschreiben 130 erläutert hingegen, dass Verzugszinsen für jeden Zeitraum speziell geregelt werden. Die beiden Dokumente liefern gegenteilige Informationen, was für Unternehmen hochproblematisch werden kann.

Artikel 14 des Rundschreibens 78/2014 / TT-BTC besagt, dass die Übertragung der Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung das Ausfüllen eines Formulars erfordert, das der Immobilienübertragung gleichkommt, unabhängig davon wieviel Prozent des Unternehmens in Immobilien angelegt ist. Darüber hinaus fällt aufgrund des Umstands, dass die indirekte Kapitalübertragung sowohl in Vietnam als auch im Herkunftsland steuerpflichtig ist, eine Doppelbesteuerung in beiden Ländern an. Das System sollte revidiert und die Anwendung von sog. latenten Steueransprüchen (DTA, engl. Deferred Tax Assets) überprüft werden.

Erläuterung der Mehrwertsteuerberechnung und -erstattung

Das Rundschreiben 130/2016 / TT-BTC (Rundschreiben 130) sieht eine Steuerrückerstattung für kurzfristige Investitionen (unter 12 Monaten) vor, wobei Sonderregelungen für Unternehmen bestehen, soweit Projekte nicht innerhalb eines Jahres abgeschlossen werden können, wie z.B. im Schiffsbau. Die Mehrwertsteuer kann erst dann für den gesamten Zeitraum zurückerstattet werden, wenn das Schiff vollendet und ins Ausland exportiert wurde, unabhängig von der Gesamtinvestition. Dieser spezielle Ausnahmefall sollte auf ähnliche Branchen ausgedehnt werden können.

Das Rundschreiben 130 bezieht sich auf den Deklarationszeitraum für die Steuerrückerstattung und beschreibt das gesamte System ohne klare Definitionen der Begriffe oder Eingrenzungen. Gemäß Rundschreiben 130 wird die Mehrwertsteuer nicht für inländische Verkaufstätigkeiten zurückerstattet, ist aber bis zu 10 % des Umsatzes der exportierten Waren und Dienstleistungen erstattungsfähig. Allerdings ist die Unterscheidung für Unternehmen, die in beiden Bereichen aktiv sind, kaum stichhaltig.

Außerdem wird die Mehrwertsteuererstattung für den Handel mit importierten und exportierten Waren in Art. 1 des Rundschreibens 130 nicht eindeutig erläutert, insbesondere bezüglich der Bestimmung der für die Erstattung der Mehrwertsteuer zulässigen Tätigkeiten. Das Rundschreiben 119/2014 / TT-BTC fügt hinzu, dass der Vorsteuerabzug eine nicht zahlungswirksame Ausgabe erfordert, mit Ausnahme für Geschenke und Spenden, aber enthält keinerlei Muster oder Hilfestellung.

Darüber hinaus unterliegen gemäß Art. 10.11 des Rundschreibens 219/2013 / TT-BTC einige importierte Waren und Dienstleistungen 5% Mehrwertsteuer, insbesondere im Gesundheitswesen. Art. 10 des Entwurfes für die Verordnung 106/2016 / QH13 verhindert, dass Unternehmen mit 5% Mehrwertsteuer Anspruch auf Mehrwertsteuererstattung haben. Die Umstände, dass Kosten der Investition die im Zusammenhang mit solchen Unternehmen stehen 10% Mehrwertsteuer unterliegen und ein Vorsteuerabzug nicht möglich ist, hat signifikante Folgen für Unternehmen, um deren Aktivitäten weiterzuführen.

Die „exportierten“ Dienstleistungen die außerhalb Vietnams ausgeführt werden, unterliegen einem Mehrwertsteuersatz von 0%, während ein Mehrwertsteuersatz von 10% gilt, wenn diese Dienstleistungen in Vietnam ausgeführt werden. Die Steuerbehörden konzentrieren sich eher auf den Ort, an dem die Dienstleistung durchgeführt wird, als auf den Ort, an dem die Dienstleistung ihre Wirkung zeigt. Der Begriff der Exportdienstleistung sollte revidiert werden, damit unterschiedliche Interpretationen ausgeschlossen werden, um Rechtssicherheit herzustellen.

Nach dem vietnamesischen Recht ist der Gewährleistungsanspruch einer Dienstleistung, die der Lieferant auf Kosten des Käufers erbringt, nicht gebunden an die Lieferung von Waren oder Dienstleistungen. Das vom Finanzministerium erlassene Rundschreiben 103/2014 / TT-BTC machte deutlich, dass für die Gewährleistung von Waren die an die Grenzen Vietnams geliefert wurden, nicht Steuern einbehalten werden. Für die vor der Geltung des Rundschreibens 103 unterzeichneten Verträge ist die Situation unklar, und das Finanzministerium sollte klare Bestimmungen erlassen. Darüber hinaus würden Richtlinien für ausländische Lieferanten dazu beitragen, Garantien für Käufer effektiv zu gewährleisten.

Das Rundschreiben 39/2014 / TT-BTC legt die Kriterien für die Erteilung von Rechnungen als Bedingung für die Feststellung des Enddatums fest, ohne den Begriff „beendet” zu erläutern. Es kann von Typ, Häufigkeit oder Zeitraum (pro Monat, pro Stunde) der Dienstleistung variieren. Weitere Einzelheiten über die Frage ab wann eine Dienstleistung fertiggestellt ist und ab wann die Rechnungstellung erfolgen soll, sollten vorgelegt werden.

Ausblick auf das EVFTA:

Das EVFTA, welches am 2. Dezember 2015 unterzeichnet wurde, wird große Investitionsmöglichkeiten für Vietnam schaffen. Mit der Abschaffung fast aller Tarifbarrieren (85% direkt nach dem Inkrafttreten des EVFTA, 99% nach wenigen Jahren) wird die Automobilindustrie sowie der Handel in Sektoren wie Textil und Schuhen gestärkt.

Die Regierung unterstützt bereits ausländische Investitionen, indem sie begünstigende Strategien erstellt, die Bedeutung einer stabilen Wirtschaft achtet und die Inflation kontrolliert ablaufen lässt. Es steht zu erwarten, dass die EU zur Lösung von Problemen der Besteuerung beitragen wird und Vietnam strikte und festgelegte Steuervorschriften auferlegen wird.

Die wichtigsten Fragestellungen:

– Kommunale Steuerbehörden sollte klare Anordnungen erhalten bezüglich der Steueroptimierung der Unternehmen und dem Begriff der Projektausweitung.

– Das Steuersystem mit Erklärungen und Anreizen in mehreren Dokumenten ist zu komplex für Unternehmen. Die Berechnungsmethode für Steuerermäßigung muss nachvollziehbar angegeben werden, um einen Beitrag für die ordnungsgemäße Anwendung von Steuerzahlern zu leisten.

– Mehrwertsteuererstattungen für Unternehmen zu gewähren, die Waren und Dienstleistungen exportieren, aber nicht für Unternehmen mit einer Mehrwertsteuer von 5%, könnte als Benachteiligung hinsichtlich der Steuerlast unter Unternehmen betrachtet werden.

***

Bitte zögern Sie nicht, Herrn Rechtsanwalt Oliver Massmann unter omassmann@duanemorris.com zu kontaktieren, sofern Sie Fragen haben oder mehr darüber erfahren möchten. Oliver Massmann ist der Geschäftsführer von Duane Morris Vietnam LLC.

Vielen Dank!

 

 

 

VIETNAM TAX ISSUES – OUTLOOK ON THE EUROPEAN UNION VIETNAM FREE TRADE AGREEMENT (EVFTA)

 

The recently formed Government has manifested its ambition to support reforms especially related to business. Short after the oath of inauguration, it organized a conference with Vietnamese enterprises leading to the issuance of Resolution 35/2016/NQ-CP dated 16 May 2016. The main focus was to improve the investment environment. Nevertheless, some difficulties remain and review of tax policies is required from some specific perspectives.

Granting tax incentives

The Government can grant preferential incentives to foreign enterprises through investment licensing or certificate, the most secure way for enterprises to obtain their incentives despite tax law amendments. However, some local tax departments do not agree with the Government’s policy on incentives and oblige enterprises to apply the current regulations regardless of enterprises’ incentives. This reluctance is a breach in the Government’s protection over investment and investors and must be prevented.

Official Letter 12404/BTC-TCT and Circular 96/2015/TT-BTC, both issued by the Ministry of Finance (MOF), grant Corporate Income Tax (CIT) incentives for enterprises established before 01st January 2014 and not yet operational. Some local tax departments have refused to recognize such incentives and asked enterprises to amend their charter while making their business starts in 2014 in order to be entitled to CIT incentives. This request is acting towards the MOF’s willingness to boost investment and should be dropped out.

According to tax offices, any project planning the increase of enterprises capacity or fixed assets is necessarily considered an investment if increase of capacity was equivalent to increase of capital. Tax authorities then rescind CIT incentives because they believe that investment certificates are no longer updated due to the increase. Yet, initial investment certificates do not mention capacity and should remain updated as long as increases solely concern enterprise capacity and not capital. A regulation should precise that project expansion may only be investment when there are adjustments on capital investment.

Decree 218/2013/ND-CP issued by the Government, extends preferential tax rate application to 15 years for investment projects under VND6 million (~ US$260,000). To ensure a fairer treatment towards businesses, different levels could be established such as 3 years of preferential tax rate application for projects between VND 10 to 20 billion (~ US$450,000 to US$900,000).

According to the draft Decree No. 12, bonuses and commissions granted based on sale volume are deductible expenses for enterprises. Nevertheless, agents being individuals or organizations must pay taxes on these sum of money as such expenses are related to business activities. It would be more convenient for agents to have their commissions and sale bonuses exempted of VAT invoices.

On the other hand, benefits granted to employees should be extended in part to their family: welfare or recreational expenditures, visa application fee for employees’ families, etc. Through these benefits, a longer relationship between the company and the employee is ensured.  Expenses for employees’ families are deductible for companies if stated in labor contract or in companies’ Labor policy. Decree 218/2013/ND-CP should then be amended.

Resolving tax payment issues

Tax-related regulations are often amended and interpreted differently from one year to another. As tax inspections often take place a long time after the corresponding fiscal year, it seems impossible for companies to know what to comply with. Many enterprises have to pay penalties and high interests because of changing regulations between the time of tax payment and the time of tax inspection. Besides, many businesses are chased for unpaid taxes due to errors from the tax office, even though the taxes were duly paid. In the tax office, the members of the staff are not dedicated enough to reconcile tax obligations and payments.

An annual tax inspection or a change in the method of calculating penalties and late payment interests should be considered. In addition, the nomination of a task force exclusively for reconciling tax obligations and payments would be a good improvement.

Understatement of payable tax or overstatement of tax refund is liable to a fine of 20% of the difference between the tax payable and declared or paid tax amount.  Households or individuals stated in Article 107 of the Law on Tax Administration are exempted from the fine. Enterprises are sometimes in overpaid position and are still charged with a fine when the inspection occurs regardless of the intention to make a false declaration or not. The implementation of clearer regulations would avoid confusion and wrongful declaration leading to fines in such cases.

Late tax payment is also subject to penalty . Yet, several contradictory documents have been issued and it became complicated to determine on what basis to calculate the late payment interest. Indeed, Circular 26/2015/TT-BTC issued by the Ministry of Finance states a rate of 0.05% per day accordingly to the deficit of the tax payable until the tax is fully paid, for taxes declared before January 1st 2015 and found insufficient after the same date. Circular 130 contends that the late payment interest is regulated for each period. The two documents provide inconsistent guidelines, thus putting enterprises in a very delicate situation.

Article 14 of Circular 78/2014/TT-BTC states that transfer of Limited Liability Company requires filling a form equivalent to real estate transfer, regardless of the percentage real estate represents in the company assets.  Moreover, since indirect capital transfer is considered taxable income in Vietnam and in the country of origin, a double taxation in both countries applies. The system should be rethought and the application of deferred tax assets (DTA) should be considered.

Explaining VAT calculation and refund

Circular 130/2016/TT-BTC (Circular 130) provides a tax refund for short-term investment (under 12 months) with special provisions for businesses not executable within a year such as ship construction. Value Added Tax (VAT) can then be refunded for a few years only until the ship is completed and exported abroad, regardless of the total investment. This specific case should be extended to other similar industries.

Circular 130 is referring to declaration period for tax refund and elaborates the whole system around this notion without giving a clear definition and measurement. According to Circular 130, VAT is not refundable for domestic sale activities but is refundable up to 10% of the revenue generated by exported goods and services. However, the distinction is thin for enterprises doing both activities.

Besides, VAT refund for trading of imported and exported goods is not clearly explained in Article 1 of Circular 130., notably for determining the activities eligible for VAT refund. Circular 119/2014/TT-BTC adds that input VAT deduction requires non-cash payment except for gifts and donations, but excludes samples and test items.

In addition, some imported goods and services are subject to 5% VAT notably in health care industry according to Article 10.11 of Circular 219/2013/TT-BTC guiding the implementation of the Law on VAT. Article 10 of draft Decree guiding Law 106/2016/QH13 prevents businesses with 5% VAT to be entitled to VAT refund. The input costs related to such businesses being subject to 10% VAT and the input VAT not refundable are significant amount for enterprises to maintain their activities.

The services exported and “consumed outside Vietnam” have a VAT rate of 0%, whereas a VAT rate of 10% applies when such services are consumed in Vietnam. Tax authorities often focus on the place the service is performed more than on the place it is used. The notion of export services should be reviewed without allowing differing interpretation so that one definition – based on the location of the consumer – and one rule prevail.

Under the Vietnamese Law, warranty is a service the supplier provides at the expense of the buyer but not attached to goods or services delivery. Circular 103/2014/TT-BTC issued by Ministry of Finance made clear that warranty attached to goods delivered at Vietnam’s borders were not submitted to withholding tax. For the contracts signed prior to Circular 103, the situation is not clear and the Ministry of Finance should establish clear provisions. Furthermore, guidelines on provisions for foreign suppliers’ responsibility would help ensure the efficiency of free warranties for the buyer.

Circular 39/2014/TT-BTC sets out the criteria of issuing invoices as a condition to determine the finished date of service provision without explaining the term “finished”. It may depend on type, frequency or period (per month, per hour) of service.  More details on the definition of finished service and the calculation of the payment time should be provided.

Outlook on the EVFTA

The EVFTA signed on December 2 2015, will offer great investment opportunities for Vietnam. With elimination of almost all tariff barriers (85% right after the EVFTA’s entry into force, 99% a few years after), the automotive industry as well as trades in sectors such as textile and footwear will be boosted.

The Government is already supporting foreign investment by implementing a favorable policy and strict respect of a stable economy and a controlled inflation. We can expect that the EU will influence the resolution of tax issues and will impose fixed and determined tax rules to apply in Vietnam.

Most important issues

–       Local tax departments should be clearly guided about enterprises’ incentives and the notion of project expansion.

–       The taxation system with declarations and incentives in several documents, is too complex for enterprises to comply with. The tax refund calculation method must be clearly stated to help taxpayers apply regulations properly.

–       Granting VAT refund for business establishments exporting goods and services and not for businesses with output VAT at 5% may be regarded as discrimination in term of taxes among businesses.

If you have any question on the above, please do not hesitate to contact Mr. Oliver Massmann under omassmann@duanemorris.com . Oliver Massmann is the General Director of Duane Morris Vietnam LLC.

Thank you very much!

 

 

 

 

© 2009- Duane Morris LLP. Duane Morris is a registered service mark of Duane Morris LLP.

The opinions expressed on this blog are those of the author and are not to be construed as legal advice.

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