Category: Vietnam – General

Posted on by Dr. Oliver Massmann

VIETNAM – BANKING AND FINANCING SUSTAINABLE GROWTH – Issues and Solutions – Impact of the Key Trade Agreements CPTPP, EUVNFTA and Investment Protection Agreement

A. Introduction

Vietnam is one of the countries in Asia with the most impressive economic growth. Inflation remains well controlled and foreign exchange reserves are at their highest levels in years and they continue to rise. The effective and economic state administration has been recognized by the international markets, most recently with the appreciation of the Vietnamese credit rating by Fitch Ratings. In the future, it is expected that Vietnam will continue to show strong economic growth. A particularly strong area is the electronics production. In addition, financing sustainable growth and providing credit and good financial services is essential to all who need it.

The focus of the government and the State Bank of Vietnam (SBV) should be geared to lending in strong sectors. This implies that quotas should be distributed appropriate and that there should be no upper limits in a given sector. Only with this credit can be provided sufficiently in the priority sectors. This will benefit strong and profitable companies while controlling and reducing risk in critical sectors.

In addition, the focus is on recapitalization and consolidation of the financial sector, which leads to fewer but stronger banks. Furthermore, the digitization of the Vietnamese economy continues to increase, with the next step being to create a comprehensive legal framework that further promotes digital development, including the use of the forthcoming national biometric identity system.

In the future, a change in banking regulations should be also considered. The rules are currently issued on the basis of basic laws such as the Civil Code. As a result, opening accounts for companies that are not legal entities is difficult. Addressing the above issues will, in the long term, lead to a strengthening of the banking sector. This will bring more and more FDI´s into the country and Vietnamese people and companies will benefit from it.

B. Decree 116 and related issues

With regard to Decree 116, there are problems in lending that banks have. There are currently challenges related to public information and verification. It is very time-consuming for the banks to obtain the relevant information from the client, there are only limited independent sources of information, and there are different definitions of the criteria used to identify beneficiaries in Vietnam and international common practices.

Banks are facing the difficult situation of being able to verify that a natural person owns 10% or more charter capital in a legal entity. Natural persons who hold 20% or more charter capital to companies whose equity capital is more than 10%; private business owners; and other persons actually controlling the company, in accordance with the provisions for determining beneficial owners referred to in Article 5.1, Decree 116/2013 / ND-CP.

The banks have difficulties in how to verify that an individual holds 10% or more charter capital in a legal entity, individuals holding 20% or more charter capital in entities having more than 10% equity in the legal entity, private business owners and other individuals who actually control the entity, under regulations on identifying beneficial owners referred to in Article 5.1, Decree 116/2013/ ND-CP.

To solve this problem, the State Bank of Vietnam (SBV) could make the following arrangements. Only the ultimate beneficial owner holding directly and indirectly 25% or more of the charter capital must be identified. Further, it is not necessary to identify ultimate beneficial owners in case the customer is rated as low-risk by financial institutions incorporated in Financial Action Task Force member nations, because these institutions have advanced anti-money laundering and financing terrorism control systems, and are monitored by relevant host country regulators.

C. Outlook on Circular 19/2014/TT – NHNN

Circular 19/2014/TT – NHNN contains revisions for foreign exchange control in direct investment and portfolio investment to be consistent with latest rules on foreign investment. One of most frequent issues related to foreign-invested companies is the Investment certificate being used as the only reference to identify a directly investing business for foreign investment capital account opening purposes. However, this does often not reflect properly the nature of the investment activity and existing regulations on investment activities (Investment Law of Nov. 26, 2014, Decree 118/2015/ND-CP, providing details and implementing guidance for specific clauses of the Investment Law).

Furthermore, given the development of derivative markets in Vietnam, the Circular can be revised to cover specifically derivative securities and include relevant reporting indicators for investment in these securities by foreign investors.

D. Outlook on the Major Trade Agreements TPP 11, EUVNFTA and Investment Protection Agreement

In January 2017, US President Donald Trump decided to withdraw from the US participation in the TPP. In November 2017, the remaining TPP members met at the APEC meetings and concluded about pushing forward the now called CPTPP (TPP 11) without the USA. The provision of the agreement specified that it enters into effect 60 days after ratification by at least 50% of the signatories (six of the eleven participating countries). The sixth nation to ratify the deal was Australia on 31 October 2018, therefore the agreement will finally come into force on 30 December 2018. Recently, on the 12th November 2018, Vietnam has officially become the seventh member of the CPTPP.

The CPTPP is targeting to eliminate tariff lines and custom duties among member states on certain goods and commodities to 100%. This will stimulate domestic reforms in many areas, especially the financial sector. As a result, the above mentioned issues could be addressed gradually and therefore more FDI´s will come to Vietnam.

One another notable major trade agreement is the European Union Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (EUVNFTA). The EUVNFTA offers great opportunity to access new markets for both the EU and Vietnam and to bring more capital into Vietnam due easier access and reduction of almost all tariffs of 99%, as well as obligation to provide better conditions for workers. In addition, the EUVNFTA will boost the most economic sectors in Vietnam. Due to easier opportunity on making business, trade and sustainable development will be a good consequence for an even more dynamic economy and even better investment environment in Vietnam in general and especially in the financing sector.

To enable at least some parts of the FTA to be ratified more speedily at EU level, the EU and Vietnam agreed to take provisions on investment, for which Member State ratification is required, out of the main agreement and put them in a separate Investment Protection Agreement (IPA). Currently both the FTA and IPA are expected to be formally submitted to the Council in late 2018, possibly enabling the FTA to come into force in the second half of 2019.

Furthermore, the Investor State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) will ensure highest standards of legal certainty and enforceability and protection for investors. Every investor should use these standards. It is going to be applied under the TPP 11 and the EUVNFTA. Under that provision, for investment related disputes, the investors have the right to bring claims to the host country by means of international arbitration. The arbitration proceedings shall be made public as a matter of transparency in conflict cases. In relation to the TPP, the scope of the ISDS was reduced by removing references to “investment agreements” and “investment authorization” as result of the discussion about the TPP’s future on the APEC meetings on 10th and 11th November 2017.

Further securities come with the Government Procurement Agreement (GPA), which is going to be part of the TPP 11 and the EUVNFTA. The GPA in both agreements, mainly deals with the requirement to treat bidders or domestic bidders with investment capital and Vietnamese bidders equally when a government buys goods or requests for a service worth over the specified threshold. Vietnam undertakes to timely publish information on tender, allow sufficient time for bidders to prepare for and submit bids, maintain confidentiality of tenders. The GPA in both agreements also requires its Parties assess bids based on fair and objective principles, evaluate and award bids only based on criteria set out in notices and tender documentation, create an effective regime for complaints and settling disputes, etc.

This instrument will ensure a fair competition and projects of quality and efficient developing processes.

If you have any question on the above, please do not hesitate to contact Dr. Oliver Massmann under omassmann@duanemorris.com. Dr. Oliver Massmann is the General Director of Duane Morris Vietnam LLC.

Thank you very much!

Posted on by Dr. Oliver Massmann

Vietnam – Mining Action Plan – Issues and Solutions – Impact of the Major Trade Agreements CPTPP, EUVNFTA and Investment Protection Agreement

A. Outlook

Vietnam´s mining industry is still largely undeveloped. Most operations are insufficient and harm the environment. However, there is great potential due to the variety of unexploited mineral resources. The discovery and mining of new minerals can be significantly facilitated with Foreign Direct Investments (FDIs). This provides the opportunity to use international, modern, efficient, sustainable and secure technologies for the procedure. This implementation would have a huge impact on Vietnam’s economic growth and would lead to a reduction of public debt.

For most countries in the world, mining has been the cornerstone of economic growth and infrastructural development. It has been estimated that only about 10 percent of Vietnam’s base metal and precious metal resources have been discovered so far. This is because the country has so far never been methodically researched with modern technologies and the right know-how to find deeper, richer or larger deposits. The focus of the Vietnamese mining industry has been almost exclusively on less expensive, easily findable or near-surface energy materials such as coal and bulk commodities such as iron ore, bauxite, sand and limestone.

Vietnam’s largest state-owned mining company is Vinacomin. According to their estimates, more than 1.500 mining companies are registered in Vietnam, of which about 55% are state-owned, 36% by private Vietnamese companies and only 9% by foreigners.

B. Lack of technology

Vinacomin is the first company to acknowledge the major shortcomings and confirmed the existence of obsolete technologies, lack of mechanization, inadequate infrastructure, large workforce but with low productivity, excessive energy consumption, high safety deficiencies and unacceptable environmental pollution. In Decision No. 2356-TKV of 15 June 2016, Vinacomin has now set its priority on technological innovation.

The challenge, therefore, is to modernize the Vietnamese mining industry and make innovative technologies accessible. To do this, the government must create incentives to encourage investors, otherwise FDI’s hardly ever come to Vietnam.

C. Government´s mining policies and issues

The current mining policy in Vietnam has two major weaknesses. First, the existing laws are unstructured and are therefore applied inconsistently. There is some evidence that there are conflicting interpretations of fees, tariffs, environmental protection fees, product quality and to it related mining taxation issues between local regional authorities and ministries such as the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Ministry of Industry and Trade and the Ministry of Finance.

Second, Vietnam is one of the countries with the highest taxes on mining worldwide. This has a negative impact on investments in modern technologies and technological innovations. All of this leads to further problems such as the continuation of inefficient and wasteful mining practices, the deterioration of well-known mineral deposits and the environment of Vietnam as well as the increase of illegal mining and tax evasion. Vietnam’s royalties, export duties and other charges are far above other comparable countries. As an example, the royalty for nickel is 10%, but other minerals such as tungsten and gold have even higher license rates. Many mining projects therefore fail due to lack of sufficient profitability.

Positively, there is, however one exception. A hitherto highly successful project of modern technologies and international standards on a Vietnamese mining operation is the Nui Phao. This is the largest tungsten production mine in the world to date, contributing significant value to Vietnam’s economy by converting the ore into purified chemical products before exporting. However, as with all mining projects, future development will depend on the continued evolution of global commodity prices, variability of ore grades, mining conditions, etc., and therefore the prohibitively high taxes themselves may jeopardize this project.

The reasons for the high taxation are to some extent comprehensible or the background can be explained. Hereby the aim is, to maximize benefits for the government and Vietnam´s economy. However, this can not be achieved if the taxes are so high that mines are closed because they are not profitable. As a result, this leads to a change to the contrary, namely to the loss of valuable tax revenue, because first, the tax revenue source for the government is lost (mining companies) and secondly, the number of people trying to circumvent the tax rules increases. The former also leads to the loss of legal employment opportunities.

D. Solutions and conclusion

A solution to the above mentioned conflicting legislation could be to create clear and unambiguous legal regulations. Alternatively, there is a possibility to be practice-oriented and to ensure a uniform application of the law through state support in advising the mining industry and coordinating intergovernmental departments. The effectiveness of this coordination and the associated transparency would be a clear incentive for the providers of FDI as well as for strong local investors.

Regarding the high taxes for mining, the problem can be solved by a fair tax system for the government and investors. The taxes should simply be reduced, which means no negative consequences for Vietnam’s economic budget (see above).

The advantages associated with the solutions are obvious. It goes without saying that the richest mineral deposits are located in more remote and mountainous areas. The population in these areas is usually characterized by particular poverty and the infrastructure is in need. A modern mining project would have a positive impact on both. On the one hand, every mining project creates a large number of jobs, local goods are promoted and orders are distributed to service providers. On the other hand, the infrastructure will develop significantly, because modern and efficient mining is hardly possible without a good infrastructure, so that the construction companies are forced to build the infrastructure itself.

To sum it up, there are essentially three solution concepts. First, existing mining legislation could be revised and more transparent, clearer, investor-friendly rules could be created. Second, state co-ordination of law enforcement can be established to ensure a consistent and effective application of the relevant rules. Third, a fair tax system for government and investors likewise should be created.

E. Outlook on Major Trade Agreements TPP 11, EUVNFTA and Investment Protection Agreement

In January 2017, US President Donald Trump decided to withdraw from the US’ participation in the TPP. In November 2017, the remaining TPP members met at the APEC meetings and concluded about pushing forward the now called CPTPP (TPP 11) without the USA. The provision of the agreement specified that it enters into effect 60 days after ratification by at least 50% of the signatories (six of the eleven participating countries). The sixth nation to ratify the deal was Australia on 31 October 2018, therefore the agreement will finally come into force on 30 December 2018. Recently, on the 12th November 2018, Vietnam has officially become the seventh member of the CPTPP.

The CPTPP is targeting to eliminate tariff lines and custom duties among member states on certain goods and commodities to 100%. The Agreement could bring the needed FDI to the mining industry in Vietnam. Hence new mining methods and better technologies will be introduced to the mining industry and this will lead to the spare of environment. To be able to benefit from the TPP 11, Vietnam has to amend its mining regulations, particularly, the above mentioned taxes and royalty rates must be reduced.

One another notable major trade agreement is the European Union Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (EUVNFTA). The EUVNFTA offers great opportunity to access new markets for both the EU and Vietnam and to bring more capital into Vietnam due easier access and reduction of almost all tariffs of 99%, as well as obligation to provide better conditions for workers, which is a key aspect in terms of working at mining projects. In addition, the EUVNFTA will boost the most economic sectors in Vietnam. Due to this significant boost, the government might reconsider its mining tax regulations. If that step will be eventually taken, there are good prospects for investors that bring modern technologies and international standards to the country, that their mining project will be successful just as the Nui Phao operation is.

To enable at least some parts of the FTA to be ratified more speedily at EU level, the EU and Vietnam agreed to take provisions on investment, for which Member State ratification is required, out of the main agreement and put them in a separate Investment Protection Agreement (IPA). Currently both the FTA and IPA are expected to be formally submitted to the Council in late 2018, possibly enabling the FTA to come into force in the second half of 2019.

Furthermore, the Investor State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) will ensure highest standards of legal certainty and enforceability and protection for investors. Every investor should use these standards. It is going to be applied under the TPP 11 and the EUVNFTA. Under that provision, for investment related disputes, the investors have the right to bring claims to the host country by means of international arbitration. The arbitration proceedings shall be made public as a matter of transparency in conflict cases. In relation to the TPP, the scope of the ISDS was reduced by removing references to “investment agreements” and “investment authorization” as result of the discussion about the TPP’s future on the APEC meetings on 10th and 11th November 2017.

Further securities come with the Government Procurement Agreement (GPA), which is going to be part of the TPP 11 and the EUVNFTA. The GPA in both agreements, mainly deals with the requirement to treat bidders or domestic bidders with investment capital and Vietnamese bidders equally when a government buys goods or requests for a service worth over the specified threshold. Vietnam undertakes to timely publish information on tender, allow sufficient time for bidders to prepare for and submit bids, maintain confidentiality of tenders. The GPA in both agreements also requires its Parties assess bids based on fair and objective principles, evaluate and award bids only based on criteria set out in notices and tender documentation, create an effective regime for complaints and settling disputes, etc.

This instrument will ensure a fair competition and projects of quality and efficient developing processes.

If you have any question on the above, please do not hesitate to contact Dr. Oliver Massmann under omassmann@duanemorris.com. Dr. Oliver Massmann is the General Director of Duane Morris Vietnam LLC.

Thank you very much!

Posted on by Dr. Oliver Massmann

Vietnam – Healthcare and Medical Devices – Investment – With Outlook on the Major Trade Agreements CPTPP, EUVNFTA and Investment Protection Agreement

A. Overview of the future of Vietnam´s healthcare sector

There is no denying that Vietnam truly is an attractive investment destination in South East Asia. It has great potential to develop a qualitative, self-sustaining life science sector. Improvements on the healthcare sector will lead to several benefits. With increasing focus on healthcare, manufacturing, service providers, clinical research organizations and others are being stimulated. As a result, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are boosted and exports could replace the need for foreign aid by attracting sustainable FDIs and PPPs.

Of particular importance for a positive development is the close cooperation between the major stakeholders from the private and public sector. In this process, certain core goals should be set. Significantly, it is important to ensure swift, sustainable access to medical treatment and to urgently improve the quality of the treatment process. High-quality domestic treatments not only improve patient satisfaction but also improve one’s own economy by counteracting outgoing medical tourism.

Furthermore, it should be ensured that the existing investors remain in Vietnam and new ones are pulled ashore. To do this, investors must be shown that the Vietnamese market does not contain undetected risks, but is stable and predictable. Further, integrate opportunities for collaborations and partnerships to develop local capability.

B. Outpatient: Home care and home-treatment

One major issue regarding Vietnams Healthcare sector is the limited capacity in hospitals. There is a gap between bed capacity and demand of inpatient treatment. The Minstry of Health has his hands full to counteract the overloading of hospitals. Even institutions with larger bed capacity have eventually set up a home care service to enhance the follow-up monitoring of chronic and long-term illnesses for patients that have been released from the hospital.

The patients in Vietnam are financially overburdened with the costs of treatment, therefore affordable treatment is needed. This however, has to be reached without the loss of quality. Especially the indirect costs of healthcare, such as travelling, meals during hospitalization and loss of income during treatment put patients and their families under enormous financial pressure. Due to the overload and the fact, that the home care services are not fully developed yet, patients tend to take care for themselves with the help of their family. This causes eventually potential additional health complications due to the lack of professional follow-up. Furthermore, patients will return often back to the hospital and subsequently, in some cases, with more severe conditions.

The healthcare expanses are moreover, as in almost every country, a significant burden for the household.

Overall, professional homecare programs and access to them should be simplified and improved to counteract hospital congestion. This is especially necessary for the chronically ill. Home care and home-treatment can help to reduce public spending on chronic diseases and thus spare the health budget. At the same time, easier access helps the chronically ill.

C. Implementation

There are two major requirements for putting the whole thing into practice. Firstly, the creation of a clear legal framework. It contains incentives for small and large scale investors and creates transparency. This encourages multinational companies to invest and transfer their know-how to Vietnam, eventually ultimately work closely with the local companies. Secondly, to streamline the administrative process to shorten the process of delivering new, high-quality patient care solutions, and to respond to the growing need for a growing Vietnamese population for rapid and sustainable access.

D. Medical Devices Industry Code of Conduct

Background of the Code of Conduct for medical devices are the various risks associated with the industry, in particular unfair competition between industry players. The Code is intended to facilitate ethical interactions among members of society who develop, manufacture, sell, distribute or distribute medical technology in Vietnam and individuals and organizations that apply, recommend, buy or prescribe medical technologies in Vietnam. The content of the Code of Conduct should focus on 1) strict compliance with laws and regulations in the area; 2) prioritization of people and health and safety of patients and 3) promoting scientific and educational activities to best benefit the patient.

For multinational companies, the compliance area is usually very pronounced and strict. It is therefore particularly important to invest in an ethical business environment, especially when investing in high-risk jurisdictions. The commitment to uphold high ethical standards would certainly bring about long-term benefits for the health sector in Vietnam and attract more investors.

E. Outlook on Major Trade Agreements TPP 11, EUVNFTA and Investment Protection Agreement

In January 2017, US President Donald Trump decided to withdraw from the US’ participation in the TPP. In November 2017, the remaining TPP members met at the APEC meetings and concluded about pushing forward the now called CPTPP (TPP 11) without the USA. The provision of the agreement specified that it enters into effect 60 days after ratification by at least 50% of the signatories (six of the eleven participating countries). The sixth nation to ratify the deal was Australia on 31 October 2018, therefore the agreement will finally come into force on 30 December 2018. Recently, on the 12th November 2018, Vietnam has officially become the seventh member of the CPTPP.

The CPTPP is targeting to eliminate tariff lines and custom duties among member states on certain goods and commodities to 100%. An increase of trade will have great influence to the health- and medical sector. The agreement is suitable to support Public-Private-Partnerships (PPPs), which could lead to a positive impact in development of innovative technologies of medical devices and facilitate the transfer of necessary know-how. Lower or no trade tariffs can lead to lower import costs for the essential components of medical devices. This, in turn, results in lower acquisition costs for the medical practices and hospitals, thus eventually lowering the treatment costs.

The annexes of the CPTPP (TBT chapter) deal with specific challenges of trading regarding pharmaceuticals, medical devices and technology products. The provisions commit the Members to define what medical products are and when they are subject to the state laws. These information have to be published. Furthermore, the annexes will help to optimize regulatory approvals and make the regulations clearer. Authorization decisions are made based on certain risk-based criteria. Moreover, the regulations help to ensure timely mitigation measures if a product application is not approved or is deemed deficient. Due to this new transparency, and the tariff elimination, the CPTPP will bring great benefits for all traders of medical devices, employees in the medical industry as well as for patients.

A specific example would be, that Canada currently faces tariffs of 7% imposed by Vietnam regarding exports of life sciences products such as medicines in doses for retail sale. With the agreement to become effective, these tariffs will be fully eliminated. As a result, Canada and other countries are exporting more and more products to Vietnam, gradually improving equipment in Vietnam’s medical facilities.

One another notable major trade agreement is the European Union Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (EUVNFTA). The EUVNFTA offers great opportunity to access new markets for both the EU and Vietnam and to bring more capital into Vietnam due easier access and reduction of almost all tariffs of 99%, as well as obligation to provide better conditions for workers. In addition, the EUVNFTA will boost the most economic sectors in Vietnam. Both agreements promise great benefits for the health- and medicine sector.

To enable at least some parts of the FTA to be ratified more speedily at EU level, the EU and Vietnam agreed to take provisions on investment, for which Member State ratification is required, out of the main agreement and put them in a separate Investment Protection Agreement (IPA). Currently both the FTA and IPA are expected to be formally submitted to the Council in late 2018, possibly enabling the FTA to come into force in the second half of 2019.

Furthermore, the Investor State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) will ensure highest standards of legal certainty and enforceability and protection for investors. These standards should be used by every investor. It is going to be applied under the TPP 11 and the EUVNFTA. Under that provision, for investment related disputes, the investors have the right to bring claims to the host country by means of international arbitration. The arbitration proceedings shall be made public as a matter of transparency in conflict cases. In relation to the TPP, the scope of the ISDS was reduced by removing references to “investment agreements” and “investment authorization” as result of the discussion about the TPP’s future on the APEC meetings on 10th and 11th November 2017.

Further securities come with the Government Procurement Agreement (GPA), which is going to be part of the TPP 11 and the EUVNFTA. The GPA in both agreements, mainly deals with the requirement to treat bidders or domestic bidders with investment capital and Vietnamese bidders equally when a government buys goods or requests for a service worth over the specified threshold. Vietnam undertakes to timely publish information on tender, allow sufficient time for bidders to prepare for and submit bids, maintain confidentiality of tenders. The GPA in both agreements also requires its Parties assess bids based on fair and objective principles, evaluate and award bids only based on criteria set out in notices and tender documentation, create an effective regime for complaints and settling disputes, etc.

This instrument will ensure a fair competition and projects of quality and efficient developing processes.

If you have any question on the above, please do not hesitate to contact Dr. Oliver Massmann under omassmann@duanemorris.com. Dr. Oliver Massmann is the General Director of Duane Morris Vietnam LLC.

Thank you very much!

Posted on by Dr. Oliver Massmann

VIETNAM INVESTMENT REVIEW – INTERVIEW WITH LAWYER IN VIETNAM DR. OLIVER MASSMANN – ANTI-CORRUPTION ACTION PLAN – NEW LAW – WHAT YOU MUST KNOW:

1. It’s been observed that corruption in the non-state sector “has been growing rampantly and with complexity, especially in the areas of loaning, bidding, contracting, and in unofficial costs like gifts, tours, or job generation”. Will this law prevent or stop these various modes of corruption?

OM: Whether the law can prevent or stop these various modes of corruption depends on how well the law is enforced. Even if the law is written perfectly, without effective enforcement of said laws, they will only remain meaningless words on paper. Therefore, whether a law has a preventative or deterrent effect depends on how well the law is enforced. However it must be stated clearly that it is not possible for a law to stop all acts that it forbids – that is not possible in any country, for any law.
“Modes of corruptions” mentioned above can be classified into three categories: activities within one non-state actor, activities between two or more non-state actors, and activities between non-state actors and state actors.

Corruption in the areas of bidding, lending, contracting occur between non-state actors or between non-state and state actors. The regulation of commercial activities between non-state actors should be left to the realm of civil and contract law, and potentially criminal law for very serious offences to define what is legal and what is not, rather than corruption law, as these transactions are conducted purely in the private sector.

As for corruption between a non-state and state actor, including official costs, it is more efficient and realistic to target the corruption within the state actor rather than the non-state actor. Corruption in this situation can only happen if the state actor is susceptible and willing to receiving bribes, embezzlement or can be easily “bought”. Anti-corruption law should ensure that state actors are deterred from receiving bribes and unofficial costs, and criminal law should ensure the punishment of non-state actors for carrying out such activities. On top of that, private companies are profit-driven. No business would like to increase their costs unless absolutely necessary. Unfortunately without such unofficial costs, the private businesses are unlikely to be able to get anything done at all, as the authorities and state actors may purposefully hinder or create difficulties for the non-state actors. Thus, many non-state actors, especially SMEs, must make the sacrifice of engaging in corruption and bearing the costs in order to keep their businesses going. The prevention of such various modes of corruption must begin with the state sector.

2. The law also states that government officials cannot consult individuals and organizations in both state and non-state sectors in tasks that are related to state secrets, secret work, and work in which they have the authorization in or have part of the authorization in (Article 20)
Will this create difficulty in how businesses function well without government experts’ advice? The law forbids consultation but does not imply to forbid meetings or restrict communications. Will this be a loophole?

OM: It is reasonable to forbid government officials to consult other individuals and organizations in the non-state sector on information related to state secrets, secret work and work in which they have the authorization in or have part of the authorization in, as this may affect national security and public order. As for consultation with state actors, it should be clear what purpose of the consultation is, the position and security clearance of both parties sharing and receiving the information, and whether the consultation is necessary.
However, in order for this provision to be effective, there must be a clear definition as to what constitutes “state secret” or “secret work”, to avoid abuse of the law such as state actors unreasonably withholding information from non-state actors. On top of that, the inclusion of only consultation is also potentially a loophole, unless the law is left open on purpose. Therefore a clear definition for “consultation” is also needed to clarify which acts constitute consultation and is thus forbidden.

3. How would this affect FDI and foreign businesses in Vietnam and their needs to remain “private” as they call themselves?
Nguyen Quang Vu, a business lawyer from Venture North Law Limited, told local press that the provisions are “irrational”. He also said that private firms have their own regulations about asset transparency and control and supervision over all activities of their heads. Thus the state should not interfere in their activities. Private firms often have many stakeholders, whose interests are protected by the law and the firms’ regulations. The stakeholders are responsible for their assets, not the state.
Do you agree with him? Why/why not?

OM: Private firms may have their own regulations about asset transparency and control supervision over the activities of their employees and executives. I agree with the fact that laws should not interfere with businesses’ activities. The firms may have internal motivations to do this, for example to prevent embezzlement and abuse of corporate funds, ensure business efficiency and trust.

Having said that, some external motivations can also be useful. Providing clear laws on the illegality of such acts can also incentivize businesses to create internal regulations that comply with laws, but also give the businesses a legal recourse in the event that an individual within their company does abuse the regulations. Without legal consequences, the only recourse for a business in such situations may be to dismiss and civil action against the individuals. The additional severity from legal consequences can be both a deterrent and correctional mechanism.

The key point here is that the law-makers must find a balance between upholding the benefits of anti-corruption whilst not overly impeding upon the business’ interests, and also comply with the provisions of international agreements of which Vietnam is a member.

4. What’s your comment on the expansion of Vietnam’s anti-corruption fight to private sector? Considering the existing Criminal Law also covers these entities with specific punishments? What else can the government do? Do you foresee any chilling effect this law would have on legitimate private business?

OM: As mentioned in question 3, corruption within the non-state actor can be classified into three categories: corruption within one non-state actor, corruption between two or more non-state actors, and corruption between non-state actors and state actors.

The justification for expanding corruption to include the non-state sector is that such corruption reduces competition in the market, negatively affects the businesses’ operations and in turn hampers the country’s economy as a whole. Expansion of corruption to the non-state sector will also be consistent with Criminal Code 2015 regulating the responsibilities of individuals within private businesses for acts of embezzlement and bribery.[1]

It is clear that the intention behind including non-state actors in the new Anti-corruption law is to target corrupt acts of individuals in a non-state actor, especially those that operate on a large scale such as public companies, commercial banks and investment funds which handle extremely large sums of money and can potentially impact the rights and benefits of many other individuals and businesses. Although many of such acts are also already covered by the Criminal Code 2015, nevertheless the duplication in the Anti-Corruption Law may hold a symbolic significance, to clearly signify the severity and also moral and political implications of such acts.

The law also needs to find a balance between regulating and preventing corruption in the private sector, but also a law not too intrusive that it over-burdens legitimate private businesses, especially SMEs where they are less likely to have the resources to bear the costs.Thus the current inclusion of the whole private sector in anti-corruption law is too expansive. The law should not be all-inclusive, but perhaps include only certain private sector actors to avoid over-burdening the private sector because the Criminal Code 2015 covers large parts already. Overlapping regulations do serve nobody.

***
Please do contact Dr. Oliver Massmann under omassmann@duanemorris.com or any other lawyers in our office listing if you have any questions on the above. Dr. Oliver Massmann is the General Director or Duane Morris Vietnam LLC.

Posted on by Dr. Oliver Massmann

Vietnam – Power Energy Action Plan – With Outlook on the Major Trade Agreements CPTPP, EUVNFTA and Investment Protection Agreement

A. Overview of the Power Master Plan 8

Vietnam contains huge potential regarding the production of clean energy. It has best conditions for developing solar power due to being one of the countries with the most sun hours during the year and best conditions for creating wind power due to 3000km coastline. As a result, Vietnam in general, is able to attract many Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) for developing clean energy projects.

Therefore, the aim of the current Power Master Plan 8 (PMP8) is to develop power sources, in which renewable energy (wind, solar, bio) will be prioritized, in order to stepwise increase the proportion of electricity generated from renewable energy sources. Core elements are to establish links between international and domestic companies. Thus, the international finance and technology should be connected to the domestic banks and the expertise of domestic companies. In addition, a market must be developed that attracts large-scale companies and small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) equally.

Furthermore, there will be improvements to the solar power market and the Solar Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) model, which could apply from 1 July 2019. If the PPA is improved to meet the standards of international and domestic banks, the cost of financing solar power plants can be reduced. Feed-in tariffs could provide 2 billion USD in foreign investment in solar energy by 2020.

The new PPA should focus on the key areas termination payments, curtailment and failure to take or pay by Vietnam Electricity (EVN), dispute resolution / arbitration clauses and the application of the feed-in-tariff for 20 years the PPA for new solar projects, which reach their commercial operation date by 30th June 2021 with a reduced feed in tariff. These improvements should equally apply to the standard PPAs for wind power, biomass and waste to energy.

In addition, a government market-driven electricity price system should be created, which includes a welfare state price system and thus supports low-income citizens. To make this possible, the price for the middle class has to be raised. Furthermore, the need for government guarantees must be reduced. In order to counteract electricity wastefulness, incentives for private sector investment in distributed clean energy generation and energy efficiency with fair and transparent electricity tariffs are necessary.

With regard to the price of electricity, there will be essentially three types of movement. First, the daytime hourly tariff will be redesigned for commercial and industrial consumers. This is intended to reduce the peak load of the transmission system and transmission losses. Second, regional differences in retail tariffs are developed. Third, a market-based electricity tariff is set, which contains flexible regulations and thus allows adjustments and increases in efficiency.

It will be important for the government to upgrade transmission and distribution. A regulator regime is to build, which allows and encourages construction and use of bio-mass, solar, wind and other clean sources of power generation for private and public users – office, residential, manufacturing, communities, and industrial – small scale and large scale, and to speed up decision making and set predicative procedures to encourage development of off shore gas, LNG, efficiencies, and renewables.

B. Future recommendations for VL Direct Power Purchase Agreement

The Application of PPA should be extended and even used for commercial power consumers (offices, hotels, resorts and supermarkets), hence they can reduce their electricity costs. The project aim should be to make a major investment in clean energy generation. Guidelines could be to reach at least 300MW of new clean energy generation in 2018/2019 and to invest about 400 Million USD.

The Electricity Regulatory Authority of Vietnam (ERAV) and EVN must define as soon as possible a so-called “wheeling fee”. Wheeling is the transportation of electric energy (megawatt-hours) from within an electrical grid to an electrical load outside the grid boundaries. At least for the first 5 years of operation the fee should be fixed. Afterwards, an increase is possible in agreed in conjunction with business groups and WE.

C. Outlook on Major Trade Agreements TPP 11, EUVNFTA and Investment Protection Agreement

In January 2017, US President Donald Trump decided to withdraw from the US’ participation in the TPP. In November 2017, the remaining TPP members met at the APEC meetings and concluded about pushing forward the now called CPTPP (TPP 11) without the USA. The provision of the agreement specified that it enters into effect 60 days after ratification by at least 50% of the signatories (six of the eleven participating countries). The sixth nation to ratify the deal was Australia on 31 October 2018, therefore the agreement will finally come into force on 30 December 2018. Recently, on the 12th November 2018, Vietnam has officially become the seventh member of the CPTPP.

The CPTPP is targeting to eliminate tariff lines and custom duties among member states on certain goods and commodities to 100%. This will make the Vietnamese market more attractive due to technology advances, reduction of production costs and because of the high demand on renewable energy. Sustainable environments are a primary concern of the CPTPP agreement.

An increase of trade should not mean negative influence to the environment. In contrary, due to the increased focus on the need for energy efficiency and reduced emissions renewable energy could experience a crucial growth. The agreement is suitable to support Public-Private-Partnerships (PPPs), which could lead to a positive impact in development of innovative technologies and alternative energy sources. Lower or no trade tariffs can lead to lower import costs for the essential components of renewable energy production. This, in turn, results in lower investment costs and lower production costs, thus increasing the cost-effectiveness of introducing renewable energy technology.

One another notable major trade agreement is the European Union Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (EUVNFTA). The EUVNFTA offers great opportunity to access new markets for both the EU and Vietnam and to bring more capital into Vietnam due easier access and reduction of almost all tariffs of 99%, as well as obligation to provide better conditions for workers, which is a key aspect in terms of working at power plants. In addition, the EUVNFTA will boost the most economic sectors in Vietnam. Moreover, the EUVNFTA will provide certain tax reductions to 0% for clean technology equipment as well as equal treatment for companies. Due to easier opportunity on making business, trade and sustainable development will be a good consequence for an even more dynamic economy and even better investment environment in Vietnam in general and especially in the power/energy industry.

Both agreements promise great benefits for the energy sector in Vietnam and will help the PMP8 to connect international to domestic companies. The elimination of the tariff lines and custom duties are advantages to major companies and SMEs alike.

To enable at least some parts of the FTA to be ratified more speedily at EU level, the EU and Vietnam agreed to take provisions on investment, for which Member State ratification is required, out of the main agreement and put them in a separate Investment Protection Agreement (IPA). Currently both the FTA and IPA are expected to be formally submitted to the Council in late 2018, possibly enabling the FTA to come into force in the second half of 2019.

Furthermore, the Investor State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) will ensure highest standards of legal certainty and enforceability and protection for investors. We alert investors to make use of these standards! We can advise how to best do that! It is going to be applied under the TPP 11 and the EUVNFTA. Under that provision, for investment related disputes, the investors have the right to bring claims to the host country by means of international arbitration. The arbitration proceedings shall be made public as a matter of transparency in conflict cases. In relation to the TPP, the scope of the ISDS was reduced by removing references to “investment agreements” and “investment authorization” as result of the discussion about the TPP’s future on the APEC meetings on 10th and 11th November 2017.

Further securities come with the Government Procurement Agreement (GPA), which is going to be part of the TPP 11 and the EUVNFTA. The GPA in both agreements, mainly deals with the requirement to treat bidders or domestic bidders with investment capital and Vietnamese bidders equally when a government buys goods or requests for a service worth over the specified threshold. Vietnam undertakes to timely publish information on tender, allow sufficient time for bidders to prepare for and submit bids, maintain confidentiality of tenders. The GPA in both agreements also requires its Parties assess bids based on fair and objective principles, evaluate and award bids only based on criteria set out in notices and tender documentation, create an effective regime for complaints and settling disputes, etc.

This instrument will ensure a fair competition and projects of quality and efficient developing processes.

If you have any question on the above, please do not hesitate to contact Dr. Oliver Massmann under omassmann@duanemorris.com. Dr. Oliver Massmann is the General Director of Duane Morris Vietnam LLC.

Thank you very much!

Posted on by Dr. Oliver Massmann

Rechtsanwalt in Vietnam Dr. Oliver Massmann – Aktionsplan für Energie – Mit Ausblick auf die wichtigsten Handelsabkommen CPTPP, EUVNFTA und das Investitionsschutzabkommen

A. Überblick über den Power Master Plan 8

Vietnam birgt ein enormes Potenzial für die Erzeugung sauberer Energien. Es bietet die besten Voraussetzungen für die Entwicklung von Solarenergie, da es eines der Länder mit den meisten Sonnenstunden im Jahr ist und aufgrund der 3000 km langen Küste die besten Voraussetzungen für die Erzeugung von Windkraft. Daher kann Vietnam im Allgemeinen viele ausländische Direktinvestitionen (FDI) für die Entwicklung sauberer Energieprojekte anziehen.
Ziel des aktuellen Power Master Plans 8 (PMP8) ist es daher, Energiequellen zu entwickeln, bei denen erneuerbare Energien (Wind, Solar, Bio) priorisiert werden, um den Anteil erneuerbarer Energien schrittweise zu erhöhen. Kernelemente sind Verbindungen zwischen internationalen und inländischen Unternehmen. Daher sollte das internationale Finanzwesen und die internationale Technologie mit den inländischen Banken und dem Fachwissen der inländischen Unternehmen verknüpft werden. Darüber hinaus muss ein Markt entwickelt werden, der Großunternehmer und kleinere und mittlere Unternehmer (KMU) gleichermaßen anzieht.

Ferner wird es Verbesserungen am Solarstrommarkt und für das Solar Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) Modell geben, die ab dem 1. Juli 2019 gelten könnten. Wenn das PPA dearat verbessert wird, um den Standards internationaler und inländischer Banken zu entsprechen, können die Kosten für die Finanzierung von Solarenergiekraftwerken reduziert werden. Einspeisevergütungen könnten bis zum Jahr 2020 ausländische Investitionen in Solarenergie in Höhe von 2 Mrd. USD ermöglichen.

Das neue PPA sollte sich auf die Kernbereiche der Kündigungsentschädigung, die Kürzung und Nichtübernahme oder Nichtzahlung seitens Vietnam Electricity (EVN), Konfliktlösungs- / Schiedsklauseln und die Anwendung des Einspeisetarifs für 20 Jahre des PPAs für neue Solarprojekte, die ihren kommerziellen Betrieb bis zum 30. Juni 2021 mit einem reduzierten Einspeisetarif erreichen, konzentrieren. Diese Verbesserungen sollten auch für die Standard-PPAs für Windenergie, Biomasse und Energiegewinnung gelten.

Darüber hinaus sollte ein staatlich marktorientiertes Strompreissystem geschaffen werden, das ein System des Wohlfahrtsstaats beinhaltet und somit einkommensschwache Bürger unterstützt. Um dies zu ermöglichen, muss der Preis für die Mittelklasse angehoben werden. Ferner muss der Bedarf an staatlichen Garantien reduziert werden. Um der Verschwendung von Elektrizität entgegenzuwirken, sind Anreize für Investitionen des privaten Sektors in dezentrale saubere Energieerzeugung und Energieeffizienz mit fairen und transparenten Stromtarifen erforderlich.
Bezüglich des Strompreises gibt es im Wesentlichen drei Arten von Bewegungen. Erstens wird der Tagestundentarif für gewerbliche und industrielle Verbraucher umgestaltet. Dadurch sollen die Spitzenlast des Übertragungssystems und Übertragungsverluste reduziert werden. Zweitens entwickeln sich regionale Unterschiede bei den Einzelhandelstarifen. Drittens wird ein marktgerechter Stromtarif festgelegt, der flexible Regelungen enthält und somit Anpassungen und Effizienzsteigerungen ermöglicht.

Für die Regierung wird es wichtig sein, die Übertragung und Verteilung zu verbessern. Ein Regulierungssystem soll gebaut werden, das den Bau und die Nutzung von Biomasse, Solar, Wind und anderen sauberen Stromerzeugungsquellen für private und öffentliche Nutzer – Büro, Wohngebäude, Industrie, Kommunen und Industrie – in kleinem und großem Umfang ermöglicht sowie die Entscheidungsfindung beschleunigt und prädikative Verfahren festlegt, um die Entwicklung von Offshore-Gas, LNG, Effizienz und erneuerbaren Energien zu fördern.

B. Zukünftige Empfehlungen für VL Direct Power Purchase Agreement

Die Anwendung von PPA sollte erweitert und sogar für gewerbliche Stromverbraucher (Büros, Hotels, Resorts und Supermärkte) eingesetzt werden, wodurch sie ihre Stromkosten senken können. Das Projektziel sollte darin bestehen, eine große Investition in die saubere Energieerzeugung zu tätigen. Richtwerte könnten dabei sein, im Jahr 2018/2019 mindestens 300 MW neue saubere Energieerzeugung zu erreichen und etwa 400 Millionen USD zu investieren.

Die Elektrizitätsregulierungsbehörde von Vietnam (ERAV) und die EVN müssen so schnell wie möglich eine sogenannte „Wheeling-Gebühr“ festlegen. Wheeling ist der Transport elektrischer Energie (Megawattstunden) aus einem elektrischen Netz zu einer elektrischen Last außerhalb der Netzgrenzen. Zumindest für die ersten fünf Betriebsjahre sollte die Gebühr festgesetzt werden. Danach ist eine Erhöhung in Absprache mit den Unternehmensgruppen und WE möglich.

C. Ausblick auf die wichtigsten Handelsabkommen TPP11, EUVNFTA und das Investitionsschutzabkommen

US-Präsident Donald Trump hat im Januar 2017 beschlossen, sich von der US-Beteiligung am TPP zurückzuziehen. Im November 2017 trafen sich die verbleibenden TPP-Mitglieder auf dem APEC-Treffen und beschlossen, das nunmehr genannte CPTPP (TPP 11) ohne die USA voranzutreiben. Die Bestimmung der Vereinbarung sah vor, dass sie 60 Tage nach der Ratifizierung von mindestens 50% der Unterzeichner (sechs der elf teilnehmenden Länder) in Kraft tritt. Das sechste Land, das das Abkommen ratifiziert hatte, war Australien am 31. Oktober 2018. Daher wird das Abkommen am 30. Dezember 2018 endgültig in Kraft treten. Kürzlich wurde Vietnam am 12. November 2018 offiziell das siebte Mitglied der CPTPP.

Das CPTPP zielt darauf ab, Zolllinien und Zölle zwischen den Mitgliedstaaten für bestimmte Waren und Güter zu 100% zu beseitigen. Dadurch wird der vietnamesische Markt aufgrund von technologischen Fortschritten, Senkung der Produktionskosten und der hohen Nachfrage nach erneuerbaren Energien attraktiver. Nachhaltige Umgebungen sind ein Hauptanliegen der CPTPP-Vereinbarung.

Eine Zunahme des Handels sollte keinen negativen Einfluss auf die Umwelt haben. Im Gegenteil, könnten erneuerbare Energien aufgrund des zunehmenden Fokus auf Energieeffizienz und Emissionssenkungen ein entscheidendes Wachstum erfahren. Das Abkommen ist geeignet, um öffentlich-private Partnerschaften (PPP) zu unterstützen, die sich positiv auf die Entwicklung innovativer Technologien und alternativer Energiequellen auswirken könnten. Niedrigere oder gar keine Handelszölle können zu niedrigeren Importkosten für die wesentlichen Komponenten der Erzeugung erneuerbarer Energien führen. Dies führt wiederum zu niedrigeren Investitionskosten und niedrigeren Produktionskosten, wodurch die Wirtschaftlichkeit der Einführung der Technologie für erneuerbare Energien erhöht wird.

Ein weiteres bemerkenswertes wichtiges Handelsabkommen ist das European Union Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (EUVNFTA). Das EUVNFTA bietet großartige Möglichkeiten, neue Märkte sowohl für die EU als auch für Vietnam zu erschließen und mehr Kapital nach Vietnam zu bringen, da der Zugang erleichtert wird und fast alle Zölle um zu 99% reduziert werden, und die Verpflichtung, bessere Arbeitsbedingungen zu schaffen, ein Schlüsselelement in Bezug auf die Arbeit in Kraftwerken ist. Darüber hinaus wird das EUVNFTA die meisten Wirtschaftssektoren in Vietnam stärken. Darüber hinaus wird das EUVNFTA bestimmte Steuerermäßigungen für umweltfreundliche Ausrüstung bis 0% sowie die Gleichbehandlung von Unternehmen vorsehen. Aufgrund der einfacheren Geschäftsmöglichkeiten werden Handel und nachhaltige Entwicklung postive Folgen für eine noch dynamischere Wirtschaft und ein noch besseres Investitionsumfeld in Vietnam im Allgemeinen und insbesondere in der Strom- und Energiebranche haben.

Beide Abkommen versprechen große Vorteile für den Energiesektor in Vietnam und werden dem PMP8 helfen, internationale Unternehmen mit inländischen Unternehmen zu vernetzen. Die Abschaffung der Zolltarife und Zölle sind für große Unternehmen und KMU gleichermaßen von Vorteil.

Damit zumindest einige Teile des Freihandelsabkommens auf EU-Ebene schneller ratifiziert werden können, haben die EU und Vietnam vereinbart, Investitionsbestimmungen, für die eine Ratifizierung durch die Mitgliedstaaten erforderlich ist, aus dem Hauptabkommen zu ziehen und diese in dem gesonderten Investment Protection Agreement (IPA) aufzuführen. Derzeit wird erwartet, dass sowohl das Freihandelsabkommen als auch das IPA Ende 2018 förmlich dem Rat vorgelegt werden, wodurch möglicherweise das Freihandelsabkommen in der zweiten Hälfte des Jahres 2019 in Kraft treten kann.

Darüber hinaus sorgt das Investor State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) für höchste Standards der Rechtssicherheit sowie der Durchsetzbarkeit und des Schutzes der Anleger. Wir machen Investoren darauf aufmerksam, diese Standards zu nutzen! Wir können beraten, wie das am besten geht! Es wird im Rahmen des TPP 11 und des EUVNFTA angewendet. Nach dieser Bestimmung haben die Anleger bei Streitigkeiten im Zusammenhang mit Investitionen das Recht, durch internationale Schiedsverfahren Ansprüche an das Gastland zu erheben. Das Schiedsverfahren wird aus Gründen der Transparenz in Konfliktfällen öffentlich gemacht. In Bezug auf das TPP wurde der Geltungsbereich des ISDS reduziert, indem Bezugnahmen auf “Investitionsvereinbarungen” und “Investitionsgenehmigungen” als Ergebnis der Diskussion über die Zukunft des TPP auf den APEC-Sitzungen am 10. und 11. November 2017 entfernt wurden.

Weitere Sicherheiten sind im Government Procurement Agreement (GPA) enthalten, das Bestandteil des TPP 11 und des EUVNFTA sein wird. Das GPA beider Verträge behandelt hauptsächlich die Anforderung, Bieter oder inländische Bieter mit Investitionskapital und vietnamesischen Bietern gleich zu behandeln, wenn eine Regierung Waren kauft oder eine Dienstleistung in Höhe des festgelegten Schwellenwerts anfordert. Vietnam verpflichtet sich, Informationen zu Ausschreibungen rechtzeitig zu veröffentlichen, den Bietern ausreichend Zeit zu geben, Angebote vorzubereiten und einzureichen, und die Vertraulichkeit der Angebote zu wahren. Das GPA in beiden Abkommen verlangt auch, dass die Vertragsparteien Angebote auf der Grundlage fairer und objektiver Grundsätze bewerten, Angebote nur anhand der in Bekanntmachungen und Ausschreibungsunterlagen festgelegten Kriterien bewerten und vergeben, ein wirksames System für Beschwerden und Streitbeilegung schaffen usw.

Dieses Instrument gewährleistet einen fairen Wettbewerb und Projekte von Qualität und effizienten Entwicklungsprozessen.
Wenn Sie dazu Fragen haben, wenden Sie sich bitte an Dr. Oliver Massmann unter omassmann@duanemorris.com. Dr. Oliver Massmann ist Generaldirektor von Duane Morris Vietnam LLC.

Vielen Dank!

Posted on by Dr. Oliver Massmann

VIETNAM – SECURITIES AND BANKING GUIDE UPDATE 2018

The State Bank of Vietnam (Ngan hang Nha nuoc Viet Nam, SBV) is the central bank of Vietnam. It is a ministry-level body under the administration of the government. The SBV governor is a member of the cabinet. The prime minister and the parliament of Vietnam (National Assembly) act jointly to nominate the governor of the SBV. The governor is in charge for five years. The SBV’s principal roles are to:

• Support monetary stability and implement monetary policies.
• Support institutions’ stability and supervise financial institutions.
• Support banking facilities and recommend economic policies to the government.
• Support banking facilities for financial institutions.
• Manage the country’s foreign exchange reserves.
• Manage foreign exchange and gold trading activities.
• Manage the borrowing and repayment of foreign loans, the provision of loans to foreign parties and recovery of foreign debts.
• Print and issue bank notes.
• Supervise all commercial banks’ activities in Vietnam.
• Lend State money to commercial banks.
• Join the Ministry of Finance in issuing government bonds and government-guaranteed bonds.
• Act as an agent for the State Treasury in organising bids and in issuing, depositing and making payment for treasury bonds and bills.
• Be in charge of other roles in monetary management and foreign exchange rates.

In 1990 the bank system was reorganised. This process led to a separation of the SBV from other commercial banks and was the start of the establishment of the private banking sector. A small number of major state-owned commercial banks still dominate Vietnam’s banking sector. However, today a process of privatisation is underway and the goal is to reduce the State’s share of ownership step-by-step to at least 65% during 2018 – 2020, and 51 percent during 2021 – 2025 under Decision No. 986/QĐ-TTg dated August 8, 2018 of the Prime Minister approving the plan for development of Vietnamese banks up to 2025, vision to 2030. Until June 30, 2018, the State’s ownership ratios in 4 largest state-owned commercial banks are as follows: (i) 95.28% in BIDV, (ii) 77.1% in Vietcombank, (iii) 64.46% in Vietinbank, and (iv) 100% in Agribank.

Foreign ownership restrictions for Vietnamese Credit Institutions

On January 3, 2014, the government-adopted Decree 01/2014/ND-CP on purchase by foreign investors of shareholding in Vietnamese credit institutions. Decree 01 became effective on February 20, 2014 and replaced Decree 69/2007/ND-CP on purchase by foreign investors of shareholding in Vietnamese commercial banks.

In Decree 01, Vietnamese credit institutions, which may offer shares, include:

1. shareholding credit institutions (i.e., a credit institution established and organised in the form of a shareholding company and include shareholding commercial banks, shareholding finance companies and shareholding finance leasing companies); and
2. credit institution currently converting its legal form from a credit institution operating in the form of a limited liability company to become a credit institution operating in the form of a shareholding company.

Foreign investor includes foreign organisations [institutions] and foreign individuals. Foreign organisations include:

1. organisations established and operating under the laws of a foreign country and any branch of such institutions overseas or in Vietnam; and
2. an organisation, closed-ended fund, members’ fund or securities investment company established and operating in Vietnam with foreign capital contribution ratio above 49 percent. Foreign individual means any person who does not hold Vietnamese nationality.

Decree 01 defines that shareholding ownership [shareholding] includes direct and indirect ownership. However, Decree 01 does not explain clearly the scope of direct and indirect ownership.

In a case of purchase of shareholding by a foreign investor in a Vietnamese credit institution resulting in such foreign investor’s ownership of shares below 5 percent charter capital of the Vietnamese credit institution, a prior approval of the SBV is not required. In other cases, any acquisition by foreign investors of shareholdings in a Vietnamese credit institution requires the prior approval of the SBV.

The shareholding ratio of any one foreign individual must not exceed 5 percent of the charter capital of one Vietnamese credit institution. The shareholding ratio of any one foreign organisation must not exceed 15 percent of the charter capital of one Vietnamese credit institution.

Any foreign investor being an organisation owning 10 percent or more of the charter capital of any one Vietnamese credit institution is not permitted to assign the shareholding it owns to any other organisation or individual within a minimum three year period as from the date of ownership of 10 percent or more of the charter capital in such credit institution.

The shareholding ratio of any one strategic foreign investor must not exceed 20 percent of the charter capital of one Vietnamese credit institution. The investor may not transfer its shares in the Vietnamese credit institution within five years after becoming the foreign strategic investor in the Vietnamese credit institution.

A strategic investor is defined as a foreign organisation with financial capacity and whose authorised person provides a written undertaking to have a close connection regarding long-term interests with the Vietnamese credit institution and to assist the latter to transfer to modern technology, to develop banking products and services, and to raise its financial, managerial and operational capacity.

The shareholding ratio of any one foreign investor and its affiliates must not exceed 20 percent of the charter capital of one Vietnamese credit institution. The total shareholding ownership of [all] foreign investors must not exceed 30 percent of the charter capital of any one Vietnamese commercial bank.

The total shareholding ownership of [all] foreign investors in any one Vietnamese non-banking credit institution shall be implemented in accordance with the law applicable to public companies and listed companies (i.e., 49 percent of charter capital of such institution).

In a special case in order to implement restructuring of a credit institution which is weak [and/or] facing difficulties, in order to ensure safety of the credit institution system, the Prime Minister may, on a case-by-case basis, make a decision on the total shareholding ratio of any one foreign organisation [or] any one foreign strategic investor, and the total level of shareholding of foreign investors in any weak shareholding credit institution which is restructured, in excess of the limits described above.

Under the Government’s instruction in 2018, the MoF is drafting a Government’s decree to allow foreign ownership ratio in commercial banks in Vietnam up to 50%. However, this decree would only be finalized and adopted in the fourth quarter of 2019.

Foreign exchange regulations

The Ordinance on Foreign Exchange, which was enacted by the Standing Committee of the National Assembly in December 2005 and became effective in June 2006, and amended on March 18, 2013, regulates currency exchange activities in Vietnam. The government has promulgated Decree No. 70/2014/ND-CP to provide guidelines for both the Ordinance on Foreign Exchange and its amendments on March 18, 2013.

Decree 70 became effective on September 5, 2014 and replaced Decree No. 160/2006/ND-CP dated December 28, 2006 to provide detailed implementation of the ordinance.

Decree 70 governs the foreign exchange activities of residents and non-residents in current transactions, capital transactions, foreign loan borrowing, use of foreign currency and provision of foreign exchange services, the foreign currency market and rates of exchange, and the management of import and export of gold in Vietnam.

With regards to foreign loan borrowing, the government has also promulgated Decree No. 219/2013/ND-CP dated December 26, 2013 on the management and repayment of offshore loans that are not guaranteed by the government. Decree 219 became effective on February 15, 2014 and replaced Decree 134/2005/ND-CP on the same subject.

Decree 219 governs all businesses that are incorporated under the Enterprises Law, credit institution and foreign bank branches under the Law on Credit Institution, and cooperatives and unions of cooperatives established and operating under the Law on Cooperatives.

Offshore loans under Decree 219 include loans from non-residents under loan agreements, deferred payment commodities sale and purchase agreements, entrusted loan agreements and debt instruments issuance agreements that are not guaranteed by the government. In general, foreign borrowing must comply with the regulations of, and is subject to, registration with the SBV.

However, Decree 219 does not state clearly that requirements and types of loans should be registered, or any licensing/registration procedures. These issues have been addressed by the SBV’s guidelines i.e., Circular 03/2016/TT-NHNN dated February 26, 2016 providing certain guidelines on foreign exchange control in relation to foreign borrowing activities (as amended by Circular 05/2016/TT-NHNN dated April 15, 2014 and Circular No. 05/2017/TT-NHNN dated 30 June 2017). Circular 03 is expected to improve the legal framework for management of the borrowing and repayment of enterprises in general and enterprises not guaranteed by the government. Some highlights of the Circular 03 are as follows:

• Loans made in the form of deferred payment for import of goods no longer requires registration with the SBV. However, the opening and use of bank accounts and remittance activities must comply with the requirements of Circular 03.

• Loans subject to registration with the State Bank include: (i) mid-term and long-term foreign loans, (ii) short-term foreign loans which are renewed to have loan terms to be more than 01 (one) year; and (iii) short-term foreign loans which are not renewed but loans’ outstanding principal amounts have not been fully repaid prior to or within 10 days after 1 year from the date of first loan withdrawal.

• A borrower which is not a foreign invested enterprise must open a bank account for the purposes of the foreign loan at the authorized banks in Vietnam. For foreign invested enterprises, their direct investment capital bank accounts may be used for this purpose.

• If the schedule of loan disbursement, repayment or interest payment changes by less than 10 days from the schedule already registered with the SBV, the borrower must only notify its bank, and does not need to register the changes with the SBV. However, if the schedule changes by more than 10 days, then reregistration with the SBV is required.

• Circular 03 also allows notification to SBV (instead of change registration) with regards to certain corporate changes of information that has been registered with SBV such as change of address of the borrower within the province/city where it has head quarter, or change of trade names of the relevant banks who provide account services, etc.

The government issued Decree No. 96/2014/ND-CP on October 17, 2014 on sanctions of administrative violations in the field of monetary and banking operations. Decree 96 became effective on December 12, 2014 and replaced (i) Decree No. 95/2011/ND-CP dated December 20, 2011, and (ii) Decree No. 202/2004/ND-CP dated December 10, 2004 on sanctions of administrative violations in the field of monetary and banking operations.

This decree was said to tighten up forex and gold trading and relevant activities in Vietnam. According to this decree, monetary penalties in relation to gold and forex trading, price listing/payment/advertising in forex/gold, etc. were significantly increased i.e., from VND 5 million ($240) to VND 600 million ($29,000). For instance, the possible penalty for violations re: trading on gold bars without license may be up to VND 500 million ($24,000) or a possible penalty for violations re: forex activities conducted by credit organizations without licenses may be up to VND 600 million ($29,000). In addition, forex/gold relevant to trading violations may be confiscated and certificate of registration for forex agent and business operation license of gold of relevant parties may be also suspended or revoked.

Recent developments of securities regulation

In early 2007 the first Securities Law of Vietnam (No. 70/2006/QH11, 2007) came into effect, which consisted of 11 chapters and 136 articles (as amended on November 24, 2010). The Securities Law primarily covers domestic issues of Vietnam dong-denominated securities and is, therefore, limited to public issues of securities and does not apply to the private placement of unlisted securities. The term “securities” covers a wide range of valuable instruments, including:

• Stocks.
• Bonds.
• Warrants.
• Certificates.
• Put and call options.
• Futures contracts, irrespective of their form.
• Investment capital contribution contracts.

Specifically, the Securities Law governs:

• Public offerings of securities.
• Listings.
• Dealing.
• Trading.
• Investment in securities.
• Securities services.

The establishment and regulation of securities companies and investment funds.

The Securities Law’s area of application considers two types of domestic securities trading market — the Securities Trading Centre and the Stock Exchange. The local regulator, the State Securities Commission, controls and supervises both markets; however, they are independent legal entities. The SSC is a State body that the Ministry of Finance oversees. The government and the MoF have issued several decrees, decisions and circulars to implement the Securities Law. Under the Securities Law, publicly offered securities in Vietnam have to be denominated in VND. The par value of a listed share is VND 10,000; however, the minimum par value of a publicly offered loan is VND 100,000.

On January 10, 2012, the MoF issued Decision No. 62/QD-BTC re: approval of project plan for restructuring of securities companies. This decision was known as a key in the master plan to renovate the stock market/sector, insurance market and securities companies which have been submitted to the Party Politburo by the MoF. According to this decision, securities companies shall be evaluated based on available capital/risk/accumulated losses index and categorised into three groups (normal, control and special control).

The decision does not provide any clear restructuring plan but promulgates certain controlling methods and penalties applicable to securities companies not satisfying the required available capital/risk index such as disclosure/report requirements, supervising or license withdrawal. On August 2018, the Deputy Prime Minister Vuong Dinh Hue instructed the MoF to do research and issue a new plan for restructuring the securities market up to 2020, vision to 2025. The detail project plan is expected to be promulgated and implemented early next year 2019.

Dated July 20, 2012, Decree No. 58/2012/ND-CP was issued to provide guidelines for the Securities Law and the Law amending certain articles of the Securities Laws on offers for sale of securities, listing, trading, business and investment in securities, and services in relation to securities and securities market. This decree abolished Decree No. 14/2007/ND-CP dated January 19, 2007, Decree 84/2010/ND-CP dated August 2, 2010 and Decree 01/2010/ND-CP dated January 4, 2010 and Decree No. 58/2012/ND-CP.

On June 26, 2015, the government promulgated Decree No. 60/2015/ND-CP amending certain articles of Decree 58 and providing guidelines for Securities Laws. Decree 60 became effective on September 1, 2015 and abolish Decision No. 55/QD-TTg dated April 15, 2009 of the Prime Minister on foreign ownership ratio in Vietnamese stock exchanges.

Decree 60 does not limit foreign ownership applicable to companies engaging in non-conditional businesses in Vietnam, and allow foreign companies to invest in government’s and companies’ bonds in Vietnam.

The draft amended Law on Securities is underway and expected to be promulgated in the fourth quarter of 2019. This draft is aimed at restructuring the stock markets, re-organizing and improving securities and fund companies, and lifting further outstanding limitation on foreign ownership of public companies in Vietnam.

Public offerings

With the promulgation of the Securities Law and its amendments, guidelines, rules, procedures and restrictions were set down for the issuance of public shares and bonds. According to Article 12.1 of the Securities Law and its amendments, an issuer must have already deposited nominal capital amounting to at least VND10 billion at the time of registration of the offer. In addition, an applicant for quotation has to prove profit was made in the year before the offering.

The establishment of a fund stipulates a minimum capital of VND50 billion. Other types of enterprise may have to apply to additional conditions e.g., a public company registering a public offer of securities must provide an undertaking, passed by its general meeting of shareholders, to place the shares for trading on an organised trading market within one year from the date of completion of the offer tranche (Law amending certain articles of the Securities Law dated November 24, 2010 and Decree No. 58/2012/ND-CP dated July 20, 2012 guiding Securities Law and Law amending certain Article of the Securities Law).

To open the procedure for public offering it is necessary to file an application in the form of a registration statement, which includes:

• The prospectus.
• The audited financial statements for the preceding two fiscal years.
• The issuer’s constitutional documents and relevant corporate resolutions.

The main contents of a prospectus are prescribed in Circular No. 29/2017/TT-BTC dated April 12, 2017 of the MoF providing guidance on listing of securities on stock exchanges. Foreign investors should be aware of the lack of fixed standards for financial statements and accounting in Vietnam, which can result in inconsistencies in financial reporting and quality levels.

Private placements

A private placement is defined in the Securities Law and its amendment as an arrangement for offering securities to less than one hundred investors, not professional securities investors, without using mass media or the internet. Decree 58/2012/ND-CP dated July 20, 2012 (as amended by Decree 60/2015/ND-CP dated June 26, 2015) and Securities Law provide conditions for a private placement made by public companies as follows:
o Resolution of the general meeting of shareholders approving the plan for a private placement of shares / convertible bonds and utilisation of proceeds earned from the offer tranche; and this plan must specify the objective, target investors and criteria for selection of target investors, the number of investors and proposed offering scale;

o The lock-up period on transfer of the private placed shares or convertible bonds is a minimum one year from the date of completion of the offer trance, except for certain cases such as a private placement pursuant to a plan selecting employees, etc.;

o The issuing company is not the parent company of the company which purchasing private placed shares; or neither of companies are subsidiary companies of a parent company;

o There must be a minimum interval of six months between tranches of private placements of shares or convertible loans; and

o Other conditions set out by the applicable law.

If an application file is incomplete and invalid, the competent State authority shall, within five days from the date of receipt of the application file for registration of a private placement of shares, provide its opinion in writing requesting the issuing organisation to amend the file. The date of receipt of the valid and complete file shall be the date on which the issuing organisation completes amendment and addition to the file.

Within 15 days from the date of receipt of the valid and compete file for registration, the State authority provides notification to the registering organisation and publish on its website the private placement of shares of the registering organisation. The issuing organisation shall, within 10 days from the selling tranche completion date, submit a report on the results of the private placement to the competent State authority on the standard form annexed to Decree 58 (as amended).

Listing

Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchange (HOSE)

Decree 58/2012/ND-CP provides conditions for listing shares in HOSE as follows, among other things:
• The company has its paid-up charter capital of one hundred and 120 billion dong or more at the time of registration for listing;

• The company has operated for at least two years in the form of a shareholding company calculated up to the time of registration for listing; the ratio of equity over after-tax profit (ROE) in the most recent year was a minimum five percent and the business operation in the two consecutive years immediately preceding the year of registration for listing must have been profitable; it does not have debts payable which are overdue for more than one year; it does not have accumulated losses calculated to the year of registration for listing; and it complies with the provisions of law on accounting and financial statements;

• Any member of the board of management or board of controllers, the director (general director), deputy director (deputy general director), chief accountant, a major shareholder and affiliated persons must make public disclosure of any debts they owe to the company;

• At least 20 percent of the voting shares in the company must be held by at least 300 shareholders who are not major shareholders; and

• Certain shareholders such as members of the board of management or board of controllers, etc. must undertake to hold 100 percent of the shares they own for six months from the date of listing and 50 percent of this number of shares for the following six months.

Hanoi Stock Exchange (HNX)

Decree 58/2012/ND-CP provides conditions for listing shares in HNX as follows, among other things:

• The company has its paid-up charter capital of 30 billion dong or more at the time of registration for listing;

• The company has operated for at least one year in the form of a shareholding company calculated up to the time of registration for listing; the ratio of equity over after-tax profit (ROE) in the most recent year was a minimum five percent; it does not have debts payable which are overdue for more than one year; it does not have accumulated losses calculated to the year of registration for listing; and it complies with the provisions of law on accounting and financial statements;

• At least 15 percent of the voting shares in the company must be held by at least 100 shareholders who are not major shareholders; and

• Certain shareholders such as members of the board of management or board of controllers, etc. must undertake to hold 100 percent of the shares they own for six months from the date of listing and 50 percent of this number of shares for the following six months.

Registration at HOSE and HNX

Companies wishing to register to list securities must lodge an application file for registration for listing with the HOSE/HNX. An application file for registration to list shares shall comprise the following key documents, among other things:

• General meeting of shareholders’ approval;

• Register of shareholders, as entered one month prior to the date of lodging the application;

• Prospectus;

• Undertaking of certain shareholders such as members of the board of management or board of controllers, the director (general director), deputy director (deputy general director) and the chief accountant of the company, etc. to hold 100 percent of the shares they own for six months from the date of listing and 50 percent of this number of shares for the following six months;

• Certificate from the Securities Depository Centre confirming registration by the institution and deposit of the shares at such Centre; and

• Written consent from the State Bank in the case of a shareholding credit institution.

The HOSE/HNX shall approve or refuse to approve an application for registration for listing within 30 days from the date of receipt of a complete and valid application file, and in a case of refusal shall specify its reasons in writing.

Decree No. 60/2015/ND-CP dated September 1, 2015 on foreign ownership in stock market

In April 2009, the Prime Minister issued Decision 55/2009/QD-TTg governing the purchase and sale of “securities in Vietnam’s stock market”. It stipulates the difference between local investors and foreign investors, in accordance with foreign-invested local investment funds. It also states the 49 percent rule. This means that local investment funds and local securities investment companies are considered foreign investors if foreigners hold more than 49 percent of the interest of a corporation.

The above limitation of 49 percent was removed on September 1, 2015 under Decree No. 60/2015/ND-CP, i.e., generally there is no limitation on foreign ownership ratio except for “conditional” sectors. In particular, the new limitation will now be subject to the WTO commitments or other specific domestic law (e.g., the 30 percent cap in the banking sector).

If there is a conditional business that specific foreign ownership restriction under domestic law has yet to be specified, then the limitation is 49 percent. If there is no restriction and the sector is not a conditional business under domestic law (e.g., distribution companies), then there is no limit for the foreign shareholding ratio.

This rule also applies to equitized state-owned enterprises in order to attract more foreign investments. Decree 60 also removes all restrictions to foreign investors to invest in bonds. With respect to securities investment certificates or derivative products of stocks of public companies, the restriction will be also removed.

Circular 123/2015/BTC

At the end of 2008, two years after the first Securities Law, the SSC and the MoF enacted Decision 121/2008/QD-BTC to make the market more interesting for foreign investment as well as to penalise those who disobey the Securities Law. Decision 121 governed the activities of foreign investors in the Vietnamese securities market.

On December 6, 2012, the MoF adopted Circular 213/2012/TT-BTC governing foreign investors’ activities in Vietnamese securities market. Circular 213 became effective on February 15, 2013 and replaced Decision 121.

On August 18, 2015, the MoF issued Circular 123/2015/TT-BTC governing foreign investment activities in Vietnamese securities market (became effective on October 1, 2015), to guide Decree 60 and replace Circular 213.

Circular 123 provides detailed documents and procedure for foreign investors to operate in the Vietnam’s stock exchanges. The circular streamlines the procedures for market participation of foreign investors in the Vietnam’s stock market by reducing the amount of necessary documentation and simplify the procedure. For example, the circular removes the need to translate documents into Vietnamese by allowing them to be submitted in English.

The circular sets out that domestic business organizations with foreign ownership of 51 percent or more, are required to apply for the Securities Trading Code (STC) before trading shares, bonds or other types of securities under the securities market regulations.

Notification procedure on foreign ownership limits (FOL).

Circular 123 requires that public companies are responsible for determining the applicable FOL. Following the determination of the FOL which is applicable to them, companies not subject to any limit are obliged to file a notification dossier with the State Securities Commission (SSC). This dossier includes: (i) extracted information on business lines as uploaded on the National Business Registration Portal and the electronic address linking to such information; and (ii) Minutes of Meeting and the Resolution of the Board of Management approving the unrestricted FOL (if the company does not wish to maintain an FOL) or Minutes of Meeting and the Resolution of the General Shareholders’ Meeting approving and the charter providing for the specific FOL (if the company wishes to maintain FOL).

The SSC will have 10 working days to acknowledge in writing the notification on FOL. Within one working day of the receipt of SSC’s acknowledgment on the applicable FOL, public companies are required to publish this information on their website, which gives effect to the published FOL.

Circular 123 provides that foreign ownership in securities companies is unlimited. However, foreign investors must satisfy certain qualification and conditions provided by the applicable law. A qualified foreign investor who wishes to own more than 51 percent in a securities company must obtain the SSC’s prior approval, which may be issued within 15 days from the date when the SSC receives the application and the transaction resulting in the change of ownership must occur within six months from the date of SSC approval. If this does not occur then SSC approval will be revoked automatically.

***
Please do not hesitate to contact Dr. Oliver Massmann under omassmann@duanemorris.com or any other lawyer in our office listing if you have any questions or want to know more details on the above. Dr. Oliver Massmann is the General Director of Duane Morris Vietnam LLC.

Posted on by Dr. Oliver Massmann

Rechtsanwalt in Vietnam Dr. Oliver Massmann – Sektor Infrastruktur und Abfallbehandlung – Aktuelle Themen und Lösungen für Investitionen und Ausblick auf die wichtigsten Handelsabkommen CPTPP, EUVNFTA und das Investitionsschutzabkommen

A. Überblick

Die Sektoren der Abfallbehandlung und Infrastruktur in Vietnam sehen sich verschiedenen Schwierigkeiten gegenüber. Die Abfallbehandlung ist in Vietnam ein vorrangiger Sektor, da die städtische Umgebung in den großen Provinzen dringend gereinigt werden muss. Dies führt zu einem dringenden Bedarf an Abfallbehandlungsprojekten. Die Anreize für Sponsoren sind jedoch begrenzt. Insbesondere verhindert eine Verordnung für Projekte zur Behandlung fester Abfälle, dass der von den Sponsoren erzielte Gewinn um mehr als 5% steigen kann, was sich negativ auf die finanzielle Tragfähigkeit der Projekte auswirkt.

In Bezug auf die Infrastruktur gibt es zwei Hauptprobleme. Erstens gibt es nur wenige Möglichkeiten für Sponsoren, Kapital für Infrastrukturprojekte zu beschaffen. Abgesehen von der traditionellen Projektfinanzierung haben Sponsoren von Projekten in Vietnam kaum andere Möglichkeiten, Kapital dafür zu beschaffen. Zweitens steckt die Entwicklung energieeffizienter Gebäude in Vietnam noch in den Kinderschuhen. Gebäude sind und bleiben die größten Stromverbraucher. Nur rund 100 Gebäude sind jedoch nach Green Building (GB) zertifiziert. Eine moderne, effiziente Infrastruktur ist für ein anhaltendes Wirtschaftswachstum von entscheidender Bedeutung und senkt die Geschäftskosten für alle Anleger in Vietnam.

In Bezug auf die Probleme der Abfallbehandlung kann festgestellt werden, dass aufgrund des raschen Wirtschaftswachstums und der Urbanisierung der Bedarf nicht durch die öffentlichen Mittel gedeckt werden kann. Diese Lücke muss durch andere Quellen wie private Investitionen in Form von öffentlich-privaten Partnerschaften (PPP) geschlossen werden. Um private Sponsoren für Abfallbehandlungsprojekte zu finden, kann das Problem gelöst werden, indem eine flexiblere Regelung anstelle eines festgelegten Gewinnlimits festgelegt wird.
Die Infrastrukturprobleme können vom Staat angegangen werden, indem ein staatlicher Rahmen zur Förderung alternativer Möglichkeiten zur Kapitalbeschaffung festgelegt wird. Die Problematik der Energieeffizienz von Gebäuden muss bereits während der Bauphase durch den Einsatz umweltfreundlicher Baumaterialien in Angriff genommen werden, ohne dass dabei höhere Kosten entstehen.

Außerdem bietet sich die Verwendung mehrerer Systeme und Zertifikate von “wirtschaftlichen Gebäuden” an, die den Markt bestimmen lassen, welche Praktiken sinnvoll sind. Diese Systeme könnten für den Betrieb lizenziert werden, basierend auf einer Reihe einfacher Kriterien wie Transparenz, Zuverlässigkeit und Kohärenz nach anerkannten Normen. Diese Zertifikate müssen Anreize enthalten, um Bauherren dazu zu ermutigen, energieeffiziente Gebäude zu bauen.

B. Abfallbehandlungssektor

Die Abfallbehandlung ist ein wichtiger Sektor für PPP’s. Bisher gibt es jedoch keine maßgeschneiderten Leitlinien für die Entwicklung von PPP-Projekten in diesem Sektor. Das Rundschreiben 07/2017/TT-BXD (Rundschreiben 07) regelt insbesondere die Methode zur Bestimmung des Preises für die Behandlung von Siedlungsabfällen, die als Grundlage für die Festlegung, Bewertung und Genehmigung der Preise solcher Dienste gilt. Die Regelung trat am 1. Juli 2017 in Kraft und gilt für Organisationen und Einzelpersonen.

Es ist kein Preismechanismus festgelegt, der für PPP-Projekte geeignet ist. In Rundschreiben 07 wird der Gewinn, den die Sponsoren bei Projekten zur Behandlung fester Abfälle erzielen, auf 5% begrenzt, wodurch die finanzielle Tragfähigkeit der Projekte beeinträchtigt wird.

Anstelle einer Höchstgrenze ist eine flexible Regelung erforderlich. Die zugelassenen staatlichen Stellen müssen in der Lage sein, über angemessene Servicegebühren zu entscheiden, die abhängig von den Markt- und Ausschreibungsergebnissen festgelegt werden, anstatt eine Obergrenze für die Profite festzulegen, die, wenn sie nicht dem Markt entspricht, Projekte für Investoren unattraktiv machen würde.

C. Fehlende Optionen für Sponsoren zur Kapitalbeschaffung für Projekte

Neben der traditionellen Projektfinanzierung haben Sponsoren von Infrastrukturprojekten in Vietnam kaum andere Möglichkeiten, Kapital für Projekte zu beschaffen. Die Vorschriften für Projektanleihen oder Handelskapital entsprechen entweder nicht der Art einer Infrastruktur-Projektgesellschaft (z. B. muss der Anleiheemittent im Vorjahr gewinnbringend sein, um Anleihen emittieren zu können) oder sind überhaupt nicht vorhanden (z.B. strenge Anforderungen an die Übertragung von Projektkapital, die Projektgesellschaften daran hindern, Mittel am Kapitalmarkt zu beschaffen).

Die Möglichkeit, am Kapitalmarkt Mittel zu beschaffen, würde den Sponsoren alternative Finanzierungsmöglichkeiten bieten, insbesondere angesichts der ungelösten Finanzierungsherausforderungen laufender Projekte. Die Regierung sollte einen rechtlichen Rahmen zur Unterstützung solcher Alternativen in Betracht ziehen und einführen.

D. Entwicklung von grünen Gebäuden in Vietnam und Standards

Ein Hauptproblem vor dem Vietnam steht, ist, dass es kaum energieeffiziente Häuser gibt. Derzeit hat Hanoi nur etwa 100 Gebäude, die nach Green Building (GB) zertifiziert sind oder sich einer GB-Zertifizierung unterziehen. Gebäude sind und bleiben jedoch die größten Stromverbraucher. Das rasante Wachstum der Urbanisierung und der damit verbundene Lebens- und Arbeitsstil, der eine intensive Nutzung der Klimaanlagen beinhaltet, macht einen erheblichen Teil des Energieverbrauchswachstums in den großen Städten Vietnams aus. Durch die richtige Gebäudeplanung kann dieses Wachstum für die nächsten 25 Jahre eines Gebäudes reduziert werden.

Andererseits ist eine Entwicklung zu sehen. Organisationen wie der Vietnam Green Building Council (VGBC) berichten, dass das Interesse in den letzten Jahren erheblich gestiegen ist. Viele Bauherren wurden in das Konzept von GB eingeführt. Ziel ist es, Gebäude so energieeffizient wie möglich zu machen. Um eine echte Veränderung herbeizuführen, muss das Problem auf mehreren Ebenen gelöst werden.

Erstens sollten Gebäude in jedem Fall energieeffizienter werden. Dies bedeutet keine höheren Investitionskosten. Das Verfahren kann von der Architekturphase über das passive Design und die Verwendung umweltfreundlicher Baustoffe bis hin zur Implementierung energieeffizienter Geräte während des Baus angewendet werden. Das Ziel sollte sein, dass alle Gebäude die Mindeststandards des VEEBC-Codes (oder einer vereinfachten Version) erfüllen, um die Baugenehmigung in der Basic Design Stage zu erhalten. Darüber hinaus könnte Electricity of Vietnam (EVN) ein Tarifsystem vorsehen, das Gebäude mit niedrigem Energieverbrauch mit niedrigeren Preisen belohnt und Gebäuden mit hohem Verbrauch höhere Preise auferlegt.

Zweitens muss die Regierung die Eigentümer von Gebäuden dazu ermutigen, ihre Gebäude zu zertifizieren. Neben internationalen Green Building-Zertifizierungen, die bereits in Vietnam eingesetzt werden, wie dem United States Green Building Council (USGBC), der Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) und der International Finance Corporation (IFC) Edge, hat das VGBC das LOTUS-Zertifikat entwickelt. Zusammenfassend wäre es sinnvoll, mehrere Systeme für den Einsatz in Vietnam anzuerkennen, die den Markt bestimmen lassen, welche praktisch und nützlich sind. Diese Systeme könnten für den Betrieb lizenziert werden, basierend auf einer Reihe einfacher Kriterien wie Transparenz, Zuverlässigkeit und Kohärenz nach anerkannten Normen.

E. Ausblick auf wichtige Handelsabkommen TPP 11, EUVNFTA und das Investitionsschutzabkommen

US-Präsident Donald Trump hat im Januar 2017 beschlossen, sich von der Beteiligung der US am TPP zurückzuziehen. Im November 2017 trafen sich die verbleibenden TPP-Mitglieder auf dem APEC-Treffen und beschlossen, das nun als CPTPP (TPP 11) bezeichnete Abkommen ohne die USA voranzutreiben. Die Bestimmung der Vereinbarung sah vor, dass sie 60 Tage nach der Ratifizierung von mindestens 50% der Unterzeichner (sechs der elf teilnehmenden Länder) in Kraft tritt. Das sechste Land, das das Abkommen ratifiziert hat, war Australien am 31. Oktober 2018. Daher wird das Abkommen schließlich am 30. Dezember 2018 endgültig in Kraft treten.

Das CPTPP zielt darauf ab, Tariflinien und Zölle zwischen den Mitgliedstaaten für bestimmte Waren und Güter zu 100% zu beseitigen. Dies wird den vietnamesischen Markt attraktiver machen und mehr ausländische Direktinvestitionen nach Vietnam bringen.

Die Vereinbarung enthält ein eigenständiges, durchsetzbares Kapitel zur Umwelt. Die Kernpflichten dieses Kapitels verpflichten die Mitgliedsländer, ein hohes Umweltschutzniveau zu verfolgen, die innerstaatlichen Umweltgesetze wirksam durchzusetzen, nicht von diesen Gesetzen abzuweichen, um Handel oder Investitionen zu fördern, und die Transparenz sowie die Beteiligung der Öffentlichkeit zu fördern. Diese wesentlichen Bestimmungen werden dazu beitragen, die Sauberkeit in Vietnam zu verbessern.

Ein weiteres bemerkenswertes wichtiges Handelsabkommen ist das Europäische Union – Vietnam Freihandelsabkommen (EUVNFTA). Das EUVNFTA bietet große Möglichkeiten, neue Märkte für die EU und Vietnam zu erschließen. Es wird helfen, mehr Kapital nach Vietnam zu bringen. Darüber hinaus wird das EUVNFTA die meisten Wirtschaftssektoren in Vietnam stärken.

Beide Abkommen versprechen große Vorteile für den Infrastruktur- und Abfallbehandlungssektor in Vietnam und werden dazu beitragen, auf das schnelle Wirtschafts- und Bevölkerungswachstum zu reagieren. Zum Beispiel wird Vietnam an seine Verpflichtungen des Kapitels über das öffentliche Beschaffungswesen des CPTPP und der EVFTA gebunden, einschließlich der Verfahren zur Durchführung einer Ausschreibung und unter bestimmten Umständen, dass die Regierung eine öffentliche Ausschreibung durchführen muss. Die Investoren haben jetzt die Möglichkeit, sich an der Auftragsvergabe durch vietnamesische Regierungsbehörden zu beteiligen und die Regierung zu verklagen, wenn sie den Investoren nicht die Möglichkeit bietet, dies unter qualifizierten Umständen zu tun.

Das CPTPP und das EVFTA ermöglichen es, dass ausländische Investoren die vietnamesische Regierung für ihre Auftragsentscheidungen gemäß der Streitbeilegung durch Schiedsgerichtsverfahren verklagen können. Die verletzende Partei muss alle erforderlichen Maßnahmen ergreifen, um der Schiedsspruch umgehend nachzukommen. Bei Nichteinhaltung der Vorschriften, wie in der WTO, gestatten CPTPP und EVFTA auf Antrag der beschwerdeführenden Partei vorübergehende Abhilfemaßnahmen (Entschädigung). Der endgültige Schiedsspruch ist verbindlich und vollstreckbar, ohne dass die örtlichen Gerichte diesbezüglich Mitspracherechte haben. Dies ist für die Anleger von Vorteil, da der Prozentsatz annullierter ausländischer Schiedssprüche in Vietnam aus verschiedenen Gründen nach wie vor relativ hoch ist.

Zusammenfassend ist festzuhalten, dass das starke Wirtschaftswachstum in Vietnam und seine Nachfrage nach Infrastrukturentwicklung große Chancen für Investoren darstellen, die in Vietnam investieren möchten. CPTPP und EVFTA sind wirksame Instrumente zur Unterstützung ausländischer Investitionen in den vietnamesischen Infrastruktursektor in Form von PPP. Im Rahmen dieser Vereinbarungen könnten ausländische Investoren auf Schiedsverfahren zurückgreifen und die Schiedssprüche in Vietnam vollständig vollstrecken lassen.

Damit zumindest einige Teile des Freihandelsabkommens auf EU-Ebene schneller ratifiziert werden können, haben die EU und Vietnam vereinbart, Investitionsbestimmungen, für die eine Ratifizierung durch die Mitgliedstaaten erforderlich ist, aus dem Hauptabkommen zu ziehen und diese in eine gesonderte Investitionsschutz-Vereinbarung zu stellen (IPA). Derzeit wird erwartet, dass sowohl das FTA als auch das IPA dem Rat Ende 2018 förmlich vorgelegt werden, was möglicherweise das Inkrafttreten des FTA in der zweiten Hälfte des Jahres 2019 ermöglicht.

Darüber hinaus sorgt das Investor State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) für höchste Standards der Rechtssicherheit sowie der Durchsetzbarkeit und für Schutz der Anleger. Wir machen Investoren darauf aufmerksam, diese Standards zu nutzen! Wir können Sie beraten, wie das am besten geht! Es wird im Rahmen des TPP 11 und des EUVNFTA angewendet. Nach dieser Bestimmung haben die Anleger bei Streitigkeiten im Zusammenhang mit Investitionen das Recht, durch internationale Schiedsverfahren Ansprüche an das Gastland zu erheben. Das Schiedsverfahren wird aus Gründen der Transparenz in Konfliktfällen öffentlich gemacht.

In Bezug auf das TPP wurde der Geltungsbereich des ISDS reduziert, indem Bezugnahmen auf “Investitionsvereinbarungen” und “Investitionsgenehmigungen” als Ergebnis der Diskussion über die Zukunft des TPP auf den APEC-Sitzungen am 10. und 11. November 2017 entfernt wurden.

Weitere Sicherheiten sind im Government Procurement Agreement (GPA) enthalten, das Bestandteil des TPP 11 und des EUVNFTA sein wird. Das GPA beider Verträge regelt hauptsächlich die Anforderungen darüber, Bieter oder inländische Bieter mit Investitionskapital und vietnamesische Bieter gleich zu behandeln, wenn eine Regierung Waren kauft oder eine Dienstleistung in Höhe des festgelegten Schwellenwerts anfordert.

Vietnam verpflichtet sich, Informationen zu Ausschreibungen rechtzeitig zu veröffentlichen, den Bietern ausreichend Zeit zu geben, Angebote vorzubereiten und einzureichen und die Vertraulichkeit der Angebote zu wahren. Das GPA beider Abkommen verlangt auch, dass die Vertragsparteien Angebote auf der Grundlage fairer und objektiver Grundsätze bewerten, Angebote nur anhand der in Bekanntmachungen und Ausschreibungsunterlagen festgelegten Kriterien bewerten und vergeben, ein wirksames System für Beschwerden und Streitbeilegung schaffen usw. Dieses Instrument gewährleistet einen fairen Wettbewerb sowie Projekte von Qualität und einen effizienten Entwicklungsprozess.

Bei Fragen zu diesem Thema wenden Sie sich bitte an Dr. Oliver Massmann unter omassmann@duanemorris.com. Dr. Oliver Massmann ist Generaldirektor von Duane Morris Vietnam LLC.
Vielen Dank!

Posted on by Dr. Oliver Massmann

Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) Vietnam’s Approval and Direct Application

On November 12, 2018, the National Assembly of Vietnam (“NAV”) has promulgated a resolution to approve and ratify the CPTPP agreement and relevant documents (“Resolution”). As a result, Vietnam formally became the 7th member of the CPTPP. Since six other nations have passed the CPTPP trade deal by 30 October 2018, the CPTPP will come into effect on 30 December 2018, after more than 8 years of negotiation.

In fact, the Resolution’s official contents have not yet been published. However, it appears that at least 15 groups of commitments of Vietnam under CPTPP will be directly applied and implemented in Vietnam, without the need of localization (i.e., not subject to guiding laws and regulations of Vietnam). Such commitments will be included in Appendix 02 of the Resolution. We will keep you informed with such direct commitments after the Resolution is published.

In order to ratify and implement the CPTPP, the Standing Committee of the NAV confirmed that 265 laws and regulations (effective by April 30, 2018) have been investigated by the Ministry of Justice and the Government. If there is any discrepancy / contradiction, such local laws and regulations would be promptly revised and amended by Vietnam accordingly. The Standing Committee of NAV also instructed the Government to ensure now certain undergoing draft laws on anti-corruption, labor, crimes, criminal procedure, intellectual properties, and insurance business to be amended in line with Vietnam’s commitments under CPTPP.

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Please do not hesitate to contact Dr. Oliver Massmann under omassmann@duanemorris.com if you have any questions or want to know more details on the above. Dr. Oliver Massmann is the General Director of Duane Morris Vietnam LLC.

Posted on by Dr. Oliver Massmann

Vietnam – Infrastructure and Waste Treatment Sector – Current Issues and Solutions for Investment and Outlook on the Major Trade Deals CPTPP, EUVNFTA and the EU Vietnam Investment Protection Agreement (IPA)

A. Overview
The waste treatment and infrastructure sector in Vietnam faces several issues. The waste treatment is a priority sector in Vietnam due to the urgent need to clean up urban environments in major provinces. This leads to the urgent need of waste treatment projects. However, the incentives for sponsors are limited. In particular, a regulation regarding solid waste treatment projects prevents, that the profit earned by the sponsors can raise up higher than 5%, adversely affecting the financial viability of the projects.
Regarding the infrastructure, there are two main issues. Firstly, there are only a few options for sponsors to raise capital for infrastructure projects. Besides the traditional project financing, sponsors of projects in Vietnam have hardly any other options to raise capital for it. Secondly, the development of energy efficient buildings is still in its infancy in Vietnam. Buildings are, and will remain, the largest consumers of electricity. However, just around 100 buildings have a Green Building (GB) certification. Modern, efficient infrastructure is vital to continued economic growth and lowers the costs of doing business for all investors in Vietnam.
Regarding the problems of the waste treatment, it can be determined, that due to the rapid economic growth and urbanization, public funding is unable to meet these needs. This gap has to be filled by other sources like private investment in the form of Public-Private Partnerships (PPP). In order to find private sponsors for waste treatment projects, the problem can be solved by setting a more flexible regulation instead of a fix profit limit.
The infrastructural issues can be addressed by the state setting a governmental framework to promote alternative options to raise capital. The issue regarding the energy efficiency of buildings
must already be taken up during the construction phase by using environmentally-friendly construction materials without producing higher costs and, in addition, by using multiple systems and certificates of “economic buildings”, letting the market determine which are practical and useful. These systems could be licensed for operation based on a set of simple criteria such as transparency, reliability and coherence according to recognized norms. These certificates must include incentives to encourage builders to build energy efficient buildings.

B. Waste Treatment Sector
Waste treatment is an important sector for PPP’s. However, to date there is no customized guidance on development of PPP projects in this sector. In particular, Circular 07/2017/TT-BXD (Circular 07) regulates the method for determining the price of municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment service, which is used as the basis for setting, evaluating and approving specific prices of MSW treatment services. It came into force on July 01, 2017 and applies to organizations and individuals. It does not set out a pricing mechanism that is workable for PPP projects. Circular 07 limits the profit earned by the sponsors in solid waste treatment projects to 5%, adversely affecting the financial viability of the projects.
Instead of using a maximum limit, a flexible regulation is needed. The authorized State agencies must be able to decide on appropriate service fees which will be finalized subject to the market and tender results instead of setting a cap on the fees, which, if is not in line with the market, would make projects unattractive to investors.

C. Lack of options for sponsors to raise capital for projects
Other than traditional project financing, sponsors of infrastructure projects in Vietnam have hardly any other options to raise capital for projects. The regulations on project bonds or trading
equity are either not accommodating to the nature of an infrastructure project company (e.g. the law requires that the bond issuer must be profitable in the preceding year to be eligible to issue bonds), or not available at all (e.g. strict requirements on transfer of project equity preventing project companies from raising funds on the capital market).
Being able to raise funds on the capital market would provide the sponsors with alternative financing options, especially given the unresolved financing challenges of on-going projects. The government should consider and put into place a legal framework to support such alternatives.

D. Development of green buildings in Vietnam and standards
A major issue that Vietnam faces is that energy-efficient houses hardly exist. Currently Hanoi has only around 100 buildings that are Green Building (GB)-certified or are undergoing GB certification.
However, buildings are and will remain the largest consumers of electricity. The rapid growth of urbanization and its associated life and working style, which includes intensive air-conditioning use, accounts for a considerable proportion of the energy consumption growth in the major cities of Vietnam. Proper building design can reduce this growth for the next 25 years of a building’s lifetime.
On the other hand, a development can be seen. Organizations such as the Vietnam Green Building Council (VGBC) report a significant uptick in interest over the past couple of years. Many building owners have been introduced to the concept of GB. The aim is to make buildings as energy efficient as possible. To bring absolute a real change, the problem needs to be handled on several levels.
Firstly, buildings should become more energy efficient in any case. This does not mean higher investment costs. The process can be applied from the architecture phase, with passive design and the use of environmentally-friendly construction materials, to the implementation of energy-efficient devices during construction. The aim should be that all buildings achieve the minimum standards of the VEEBC code (or a simplified version) in order to receive the Building license at Basic Design Stage. Furthermore, Electricity of Vietnam (EVN) could impose a tariff scheme that rewards low energy consumption buildings with lower prices and impose higher prices to high consumption buildings.
Secondly, the Government must provide effective encouragement for building owners to certify their buildings. In addition to international green building certifications already being used in Vietnam, such as the United States Green Building Council (USGBC) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) and International Finance Corporation (IFC) Edge, VGBC has developed the LOTUS certificate.
In conclusion, it would be useful, to recognize multiple systems for use in Vietnam, letting the market determine which are practical and useful. These systems could be licensed for operation based on a set of simple criteria such as transparency, reliability and coherence according to recognized norms.

E. Outlook on Major Trade Agreements TPP 11, EUVNFTA and IPA
In January 2017, US President Donald Trump decided to withdraw from the US’ participation in the TPP. In November 2017, the remaining TPP members met at the APEC meetings and concluded about pushing forward the now called CPTPP (TPP 11) without the USA. The provision of the agreement specified that it enters into effect 60 days after ratification by at least 50% of the signatories (six of the eleven participating countries). The sixth nation to ratify the deal was Australia on 31 October 2018, therefore the agreement will finally come into force on 30 December 2018. Vietnam has now officially become the 7th member of the CPTPP.
The CPTPP is targeting to eliminate tariff lines and custom duties among member states on certain goods and commodities to 100%. This will make the Vietnamese market more attractive bringing more foreign direct investment to Vietnam. The agreement includes a stand-alone, enforceable chapter on the environment. The chapter’s core obligations commit member countries to pursue high levels of environmental protection, effectively enforce domestic environmental laws, not derogate from these laws to encourage trade or investment and promote transparency and public participation. Those essential regulations will help to improve the cleanliness of Vietnam.
One another notable major trade agreement is the European Union Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (EUVNFTA). The EUVNFTA offers great opportunity to access new markets for both, the EU and Vietnam. It will help to bring more capital into Vietnam. In addition, the EUVNFTA will boost the most economic sectors in Vietnam.
Both agreements promise great benefits for the infrastructure and waste treatment sector in Vietnam and will help to react on the fast economic and population growth. For instance, Vietnam will be bound by its commitments in the Government Procurement chapter in the CPTPP and the EVFTA, including the procedures to conduct a tender and in specific circumstances that the Government must conduct a public tender. The investors now have the opportunity to participate in procurement by Vietnam’s government entities and challenge the Government if it does not grant the investors the opportunity to do so in qualified circumstances.
The CPTPP and the EVFTA make it possible that foreign investors could sue Vietnam Government for its tender decisions according to the dispute settlement by arbitration rules. The violating party must take all necessary measures to promptly comply with the arbitral decision. In case of non-compliance, as in the WTO, the CPTPP and the EVFTA allow temporary remedies (compensation) at the request of the complaining party. The final arbitral award is binding and enforceable without any question from the local courts regarding its validity. This is an advantage for investors considering the fact that the percentage of annulled foreign arbitral awards in Vietnam remains relatively high for different reasons.
In conclusion, Vietnam’s strong economic growth and its demand for infrastructure development are great opportunities for investors planning to invest in Vietnam. The CPTPP and the EVFTA are effective tools to support foreign investment in Vietnam’s infrastructure sector in the form of PPP. Under these agreements, foreign investors could take recourse to arbitration proceedings and have the arbitral awards fully enforced in Vietnam.
To enable at least some parts of the FTA to be ratified more speedily at EU level, the EU and Vietnam agreed to take provisions on investment, for which Member State ratification is required, out of the main agreement and put them in a separate Investment Protection Agreement (IPA). Currently both the FTA and IPA are expected to be formally submitted to the Council in late 2018, possibly enabling the FTA to come into force in the second half of 2019.
Furthermore, the Investor State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) will ensure highest standards of legal certainty and enforceability and protection for investors. We alert investors to make use of these standards! We can advise how to best do that! It is going to be applied under the TPP 11 and the EUVNFTA. Under that provision, for investment related disputes, the investors have the right to bring claims to the host country by means of international arbitration. The arbitration proceedings shall be made public as a matter of transparency in conflict cases. In relation to the TPP, the scope of the ISDS was reduced by removing references to “investment agreements” and “investment authorization” as result of the discussion about the TPP’s future on the APEC meetings on 10th and 11th November 2017.
Further securities come with the Government Procurement Agreement (GPA), which is going to be part of the TPP 11 and the EUVNFTA.
The GPA in both agreements, mainly deals with the requirement to treat bidders or domestic bidders with investment capital and Vietnamese bidders equally when a government buys goods or requests for a service worth over the specified threshold. Vietnam undertakes to timely publish information on tender, allow sufficient time for bidders to prepare for and submit bids, maintain confidentiality of tenders. The GPA in both agreements also requires its Parties assess bids based on fair and objective principles, evaluate and award bids only based on criteria set out in notices and tender documentation, create an effective regime for complaints and settling disputes, etc.
This instrument will ensure a fair competition and projects of quality and efficient developing processes.

If you have any question on the above, please do not hesitate to contact Dr. Oliver Massmann under omassmann@duanemorris.com. Dr. Oliver Massmann is the General Director of Duane Morris Vietnam LLC.

Thank you very much!

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The opinions expressed on this blog are those of the author and are not to be construed as legal advice.

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